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CMPT 300 > Operating System Overview > Flashcards

Operating System Overview Flashcards

1
Q

An operating system is the ______ between applications and hardware

A

software

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2
Q

The operating system acts as a _____ ______ by managing resources and deciding between conflicting requests for efficient and fair resource use

A

resource allocator

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3
Q

The operating system acts as a _____ ______ by controlling execution of programs to prevent errors and improper use of the computer

A

control program

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4
Q

The goal of the operating system is to make the computer system ______ and ______ use the computer hardware

A

convenient, efficient

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5
Q

What are the 3 steps in the lifecycle of an OS?

A
  1. Initialize the system and load kernel with simple program via bootstrapping
  2. start system daemons
  3. Run user programs
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6
Q

The kernel is _____ driven

A

interrupt

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7
Q

A _____ is a program in execution

A

process

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8
Q

A _____ is a passive entity, while a ____ is an active entity

A

program, process

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9
Q

The CPU or I/O will not be kept busy all the time with _____ program

A

one

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10
Q

Most users want to run multiple _____ at the same time

A

programs

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11
Q

What is mulitprogramming?

A

Running multiple programs to keep the hardware busy as close to 100% of the time

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12
Q

Multiprogramming maintains high resource utilization by keeping multiple programs in _______ in memory

A

execution

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13
Q

___________ algorithms switches between processes when one process needs to wait for an I/O for example

A

Scheduling

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14
Q

What is protection?

A

Mechanisms for controlling what processes can access and what resources users can access

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15
Q

______ is the defense of the system against internal and external attacks

A

security

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16
Q

What are some system attacks?

A
  • Denial-of-service
  • Worms
  • Viruses
  • Identity theft
  • Theft of service
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17
Q

One user has one user ________ associated with them, which includes information like name and number

A

identity

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18
Q

A user identity is associated with all ______ and _______ of that user to determine access control

A

files, processes

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19
Q

A ______ identifier allows sets of users to be defined and control managed

A

group

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20
Q

A _____ ______ allows a user to change to an ID with more rights

A

privilege escalation

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21
Q

Both the _____ and user ____ share the same hardware and software resources

A

kernel, code

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22
Q

It is ______ to keep kernel code and kernel data intact

A

crucial

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23
Q

User code can ______ hardware, OS, and other software/files

A

corrupt

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24
Q

__________ instructions (like I/O control, timer management, and interrupts) are operation that may cause harm to the OS

A

Privileged

25
Q

To protect the system, allow only the OS to perform _______ _______

A

privileged instructions

26
Q

In ____ mode, processes execute on behalf of the user

A

user

27
Q

In ____ mode, processes execute on behalf of the kernel

A

kernel

28
Q

Processes in _____ mode cannot execute privileged instructions

A

user

29
Q

What is a mode bit?

A

A bit in hardware hat switches between user and kernel modes

30
Q

A _____ user can only access their own files and programs

A

normal

31
Q

A _______ can do anything

A

superuser

32
Q

Kernel/____ mode and _____/super user modes are two separate things

A

user, normal

33
Q

A user can access privileged instructions though ______ ______

A

system calls

34
Q

______ _____ use software-generated interrupts to let users access to OS services

A

system calls

35
Q

A system call asks the _____ to execute privileged instructions

A

OS

36
Q

Describe the transition between user/kernel modes when syscalls are used

A
  1. User code calls a system call
  2. OS checks that everything (e.g., parameter values) is in order and legal, switch to kernel mode
  3. OS executes system call which may contain multiple privileged instructions
  4. Mode again set to user mode
37
Q

System calls are typically written in __________ languages, like C or C++ and are accessed via _____

A

high-level, APIs

38
Q

What are the 3 most common syscall APIs?

A

POSIX, Java, and Win32

39
Q

A printf() in C calls the ________() syscall from the standard C library

A

write

40
Q

To execute a program. all of its _________ and ____ must be in memory

A

instructions, data

41
Q

_______ ___________ determines what is in memory and when to optimize CPU utilization

A

Memory management

42
Q

Memory management keep track of which parts are being _____, decide which ______ and data to move into and out of memory, and _______ and ________ memory space as needed

A

used, processes, allocates, deallocates

43
Q

The OS provides a ____ _______ _________ system, which shows a uniform, logical view of information storage

A

File System Management

44
Q

______ are an abstract physical property translated to logical storage units

A

files

45
Q

Files are usually organized into _______

A

directories

46
Q

OS file activities include…

A
  • Creating and deleting files and directories
  • Primitives to manipulate files and directories
  • Mapping files onto secondary storage
  • Backup files onto stable (non-volatile) storage media
47
Q

One layer below the File system management is the _________ _________, or manage of space in storage devices (like disks and SSDs)

A

Storage management

48
Q

OS storage management activities include…

A
  • Mounting and unmounting
  • Partitioning, space management (allocation, deallocation)
  • I/O scheduling
  • Protection
49
Q

________/Buffering is the act of keeping data in faster, but typically smaller storage to improve speed

A

caching

50
Q

Caching/ Buffering can copy ___ from slower to faster storage, or faster to slower storage

A

data

51
Q

Required data is first checked if it is in the _____ before checking slower storage

A

cache

52
Q

What is cache coherence?

A

CPU hardware making sure all CPUs have the most recent value of a piece of data in their cache

53
Q

_________ environments must be careful to use the most recent value of a piece of data for operations, no matter whether it is stored in disk, main memory, cache, or register

A

multitasking

54
Q

______ allows an OS to run applications within other OSes

A

Virtualization

55
Q

A benefit of virtualization is that there are lower _______ costs and easier _________

A

hardware, management

56
Q

Some problems of virtualization include lower ________, data ________, and security and _______

A

performance, migration, privacy

57
Q

What does VMM stand for?

A

virtual machine manager

58
Q

_______ computing is computing with a collection of separate systems networked together with something like LAN

A

distributed

59
Q

A ______ OS provides features between systems across the network

A

network

CMPT 300 (21 decks)

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