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Neuroscience Exam 1 > Transmission > Flashcards

Transmission Flashcards

1
Q

Presynaptic modulation

A

One neuron/synapse can alter the synaptic strength (membrane potential) or another synapse
Excitatory or inhibitory

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2
Q

Synaptic convergence

A

many synaptic terminals can synapse on a single cell

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3
Q

Synthesis of a NT occurs where

A

in terminal or cell body

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4
Q

chemical synapse

A

Uses neurotransmitter
Membranes NOT connected
Synaptic cleft

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5
Q

What are the 4 biochemical steps in synaptic transmission?

A
  1. synthesis
  2. storage and release
  3. binding
  4. removal
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6
Q

Which type of synapse has cytoplasmic continuity

A

electrical

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7
Q

Potentiation synaptic pasticity

A

Post synaptic potential becomes greater

Greater amounts of NT released

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8
Q

Spider toxin

A

blocks voltage gated Ca channels

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9
Q

What is the direction of transmission for chemical synapses?

A

1D

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10
Q

Axodendritic synapse

A

Axon synapses on a dendrite

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11
Q

distance between cell membranes in electrical synapses

A

2-4 nm

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12
Q

Where is acetylcholine made

A

terminal

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13
Q

Lingand gated ion channels employ what kind of receptor?

A

ionotropic

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14
Q

Where are synapses located?

A

Dendrites
Axons
Cell bodies

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15
Q

What is the synaptic delay in chemical synapses

A

Fast - .3 ms

slow - several ms

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16
Q

Synaptic divergence

A

One synaptic terminal can make contact with multiple post synaptic cells

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17
Q

What are the 3 methods of removal of NTs from a synapse after it’s been released into the cleft?

A
  1. diffusion
  2. reuptake into presynaptic cell via transporters
  3. enzymatic degradation
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18
Q

Ionotropic receptors

A

Direct coupling between NT and ion channel - receptor on the ion channel
NT binds and causes conformational change
FAST synaptic transmission

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19
Q

electrical synapse

A

Direct coupling between the two membranes - physically connected via ion channels
Direct passing of ionic current

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20
Q

How is acetylcholine synthesized

A

in terminal
Choline + acetyl CoA
Enzyme: cholineacetyltransferase

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21
Q

What is the synaptic delay in electrical synapses

A

none

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22
Q

Excitatory post synaptic potential

A

Depolarization - voltage increases

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23
Q

Multiple action potentials cause the release of NT from _____

A

large dense core vesicles

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24
Q

inhibitory post synaptic potentials

A

hyperpolarization - voltage decreases

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25
Q

What are the steps in G protein activation

A
  1. Rest - no NT bound, binds GDP
  2. NT binds to its receptor = conformational change in G protein
  3. GDP replaced by GTP
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26
Q

Where in the synaptic cleft do vesicles release their contents?

A

active zone

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27
Q

Where do we find acetylcholine in the body?

A

muscles

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28
Q

Which kind of vesicles are associated with slow synaptic transmission?

A

Large dense core vesicles

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29
Q

Scorpion toxin

A

Blocks Na channels

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30
Q

What provides energy to G protein so it can move around to the interior of the cell

A

GTP

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31
Q

Quantal release

A

All-or-none release of NT from a vesicle

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32
Q

Tetrodotoxin (TXX)

A

Blocks voltage gated Na channels

Can’t have action potential

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33
Q

G protein (Guanine Nucleotide Binding Protein)

A

Heterotrimer - 3 subunits (alpha, beta, gamma)
20+ types
alpha subunit contains guanine nucleotide binding site

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34
Q

What specific channels are mediated by activation of metabotropic receptors?

A
  1. opening/closing voltage gated ion channels when membrane potential at rest (K channels)
  2. voltage gated Ca channels
  3. ligand gated ion channels - increase the time the channel is open/closed
35
Q

distance between cell membranes in a chemical synapse

A

30-50 nm

36
Q

Synaptic transmission

A

transfer of information from one neuron to another cell

Changes in membrane potential

37
Q

Alpha-bungarotoxin

A

Snakes

Blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

38
Q

What kind of cell-to-cell connection is used in an electrical synapse?

A

Gap junction

39
Q

What are the 4 criteria for a neurotransmitter?

A
  1. made in neuron from which it is released
  2. present in presynaptic terminal
  3. exogenous application (natural effect - if NT is applied artificially it yeilds the same result)
  4. mechanism for removal of NT
40
Q

synaptic efficacy can be changed by other synapses via

A

pre synaptic facilication

pre synaptic inhibition

41
Q

All G proteins share a common mechanism for ___

A

activation

42
Q

Describe the steps of the synaptic transmission process in a chemical synapse

A
  1. Action potential changes the membrane potential of the pre-synaptic neuron
  2. Ca channels open
  3. Ca influx into pre-synaptic cell
  4. Vesicles move to membrane and release NT into cleft
  5. NT bind to post-synaptic receptors
  6. Changes membrane potential of post synaptic neuron
43
Q

Effect of morphine

A

Blocks voltage gated Ca channels = decrease NT release = less excitability of post synaptic cell

44
Q

Metabotropic receptors

A

G protein coupled receptors
Slow transmission
Large dense core vesicles
7 subunits

45
Q

How is acetylcholine removed from the synaptic cleft after release? products?

A

Enzymatic degradation via cholinesterase

Products: choline, acetic acid

46
Q

Temporal summation

A

summate over time

47
Q

Large dense core vesicles

A

Contain NT that is synthesized in the cell body

Slow synaptic transmission

48
Q

Gary’s type I synapse

A

Excitatory

WIDE synaptic cleft (>30 nm)

49
Q

What is the difference in permeability between ligand gated and voltage gated ion channels

A

Voltage - allow one type of ion to pass

Ligand gated - permeable to all

50
Q

Inhibitory synapses have ligand gated ion channels that bind ______ and are permeable to ______

A

GABA, glycine

Cl

51
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

The space between the two membranes of a chemical synapse

52
Q

Metabotropic receptors

A

Indirect coupling between receptor and ion channel (G protein coupled receptor)
SLOW synaptic transmission

53
Q

What are the 2 kinds of post synaptic potentials?

A

exitatory

inhibitory

54
Q

What is the difference in regenerative capacity between ligand gated and voltage gated ion channels? (how are more channels activated)

A

Voltage - change in membrane potential

ligand gated - requires more NT

55
Q

Post-synaptic potentials

A

changes in membrane potential

56
Q

What kind of vesicle is associated with fast synaptic transmission?

A

small synaptic vesicles

57
Q

Ligand gated ion channels

A

Ionotropic receptors - fast synaptic transmission
Binds NT in small synaptic vesicles
5 subunits

58
Q

Receptors

A

component of the neuron (protein) that binds the NT and results in change in membrane potential

59
Q

Quanta

A

amount of transmitter in one synaptic vesicle

60
Q

Which is the most critical step of a chemical synapse transmission?

A

Ca moving into presynaptic terminal

61
Q

synapse

A

specialized structure for the transfer of information

62
Q

Can a cell recieve excitatory and inhibitory post synaptic potentials?

A

Yes - summate together for a net change in membrane potential

63
Q

Conotoxins

A

Cone snails
Blocks acetylcholine (nicotinic) receptors in periphery
Causes paralysis
Can block Na, Ca, K channels

64
Q

Depression synaptic plasticity

A

post synaptic potential weakens

Reduce amount of NT released

65
Q

What are the 2 kinds of synaptic vesicles in chemical synapses?

A

small

large dense core

66
Q

Which NT is released at a neuromusclular junction?

A

acetylcholine

67
Q

A single action potential causes the release of NT from _____

A

small synaptic vesicles

68
Q

Presynaptic inhibition on a specific terminal results in…

A

little IPSP across neuron except in specific terminal

Diminishes effect of only some excitatory synapses

69
Q

What are the 2 methods that synapses can change their own efficacy? (synaptic plasticity)

A

potentiation

depression

70
Q

What are they 2 types of synapse

A

electrical

chemical

71
Q

Lambert Eaton Myasthenia Syndrome

A

Disorder of neuromuscular jxn
Muscle weakness
Autoimmune
Antibodies are made for voltage gated calcium channels - blocks entry of Ca into presynaptic neuron

72
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

neuromuscular jxn disorder
autoimmune
Antibodies made against acetylcholine receptors (nicotinic receptors)

73
Q

Excitatory synapses have ligand gated ion channels that bind ______ and are permeable to _____

A

Acetylcholine, glutamate

Na, K, Ca

74
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

small molecule released from the presynaptic membrane and interacts with receptors on post synaptic membrane triggering a change in membrane potential

75
Q

Function of metabotropic receptors

A

Link NT receptors to effect molecules (enzymes)

Inside the cell - causes changes in ion channel activity - leading to changed in membrane potential

76
Q

Gary’s type II synapse

A 
Inhibitory
Smaller cleft (<30 nm)
77
Q

Flow of signals in electrical synapses are ______

A

bidirectional

78
Q

In a standard inhibitory synapse, the inhibition occurs at the cell body. This causes…

A

Inhibitory PSP in all post synaptic neurons (in cell with multiple axons)
Diminishes the effect of all excitatory synapses on same neuron

79
Q

axosomatic synapse

A

axon synapses on cell body (soma)

80
Q

Small synaptic vesicles

A

Contain NT that is synthesized in the terminal

Used for fast synaptic transmission

81
Q

Botulism toxin

A

Disorder of neuromuscular jxn

Toxin gets into terminal and interferes with proteins involved in the docking of vesicles

82
Q

spatial summation

A

summate over entire cell

83
Q

axoaxonic synapse

A

Axon synapses on another axon

84
Q

Synaptic plasticity

A 
Synapse strength (change in post synaptic potential) can be changed
Synapses can change their own synapse strength ON THEIR OWN

Neuroscience Exam 1 (4 decks)

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