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HTS 2084 > Outline 1.2 > Flashcards

Outline 1.2 Flashcards

1
Q

Technological change is more than merely a technical process - it also involves

A

Institutions and forms of learning

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2
Q

Is technological change about new or old technologies?

A

Technological change is not just about new technologies; older technologies persists and remain useful

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3
Q

Define technological change

A

Technological change involves “invention of new things, or new ways of doing things … [as well as] the transformation of inventions into useable innovations, and the subsequent adoption and diffusion or spread of such innovations throughout society

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4
Q

Three main components of technological change

A

Invention, innovation, diffusion

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5
Q

Invention (technological change)

A

New ideas (patentable)

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6
Q

Innovation (technological change)

A

Involves “creation of new ways of doing things”

Transformation of new ideas into marketable or usable form

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7
Q

Diffusion (technological change)

A

Spread of a new technology through society; social adoption

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8
Q

Since the ________, technological change has been continuous in different domains and a main driver of the economy

A

Industrial revolution

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9
Q

This is a “fundamental force in shaping the patterns of transformation of the economy”

A

Technological change

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10
Q

Each form of technological change is more far reaching in its impact as you go from type __ to type __.

A

1 to 4

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11
Q

Technological change type 1

A

Incremental innovations

  • microinvention
  • small scale and relatively easy to understand
  • emerge largely in response to market forces
  • accumulate over extended period of time to generate significant change
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12
Q

Which type of technological change?

“Micro inventions” that are small scale and relatively easy to understand. They emerge largely in response to market forces and accumulate over extended period of time to generate significant change

A

Type 1 - incremental innovations

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13
Q

Examples of type 1 technological change

A

Heavy plow, 3-field system
James watts improvements to steam engine
Karl otto’s four-cylinder
iPhone XS

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14
Q

Technological change type 2

A

Radical innovation

  • “macroinventions”
  • sudden or discontinuous; genesis more difficult to understand - product of genius, luck, “some fortunate event”
  • usually appear in clusters, with major effect on the larger economic system
  • fundamentally new technical design and new market
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15
Q

Which type of technological change?

  • “macroinventions”
  • sudden or discontinuous; genesis more difficult to understand - product of genius, luck, “some fortunate event”
  • usually appear in clusters, with major effect on the larger economic system
  • fundamentally new technical design and new market
A

Type II - Radical innovation

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16
Q

Examples of type II technical change

A

Late 18th century - gaslighting, chlorine bleaching, ballooning
First IR: Newcomen steam engine, Cartwright power loom
Second IR: Bessemer process, internal combustion engine
Third IR: smartphone, social media

17
Q

Technological change type III

A

Changes of technology systems

  • combination of radical and incremental innovations, along with organizational innovations, into a single overall system
  • often became key generic technologies (GPTs)
18
Q

what is a GPT?

A

General-purpose technologies

Aka general purpose engine

19
Q

What are general purpose technologies, or GPTs?

A

Generic technology that is widely used in many economic sectors and creates numerous spillover effects

20
Q

How many GPTs are there in history?

A

24

21
Q

Examples of GPTs in the ancient world

A

Domestication of plants, wheel, writing, iron

22
Q

Example of GPT in the early modern world

A

Printing

23
Q

Examples of GPTs in the modern world

A

First IR: steam engine, factory system, railroads
Second IR: electricity, automobile, mass production
Third IR: computer (IT), internet

24
Q

What type of technological change?

  • combination of radical and incremental innovations, along with organizational innovations, into a single overall system
  • often became key generic technologies (GPTs)
A

Type III - changes of technology systems

25
Q

Technological change type IV

A

Changes in techno-economic paradigms

Large scale revolutionary changes “industrial revolutions”
Involves clusters of incremental and radical innovations (along with organizational changes), embodied in several new technological systems, which converge to provide transformative synergies
Deep Impact

26
Q

Examples of technological change type IV transformative synergies

A

First IR: cheap rail transport of coal; low-cost iron for steam engines
Second IR: electric motors to reorganize plant floor; cheap steel for autos

27
Q

What type of technological change?

Large scale revolutionary changes “industrial revolutions”
Involves clusters of incremental and radical innovations (along with organizational changes), embodied in several new technological systems, which converge to provide transformative synergies
Deep Impact

A

Type IV

Changes in techno-economic paradigms

28
Q

Deep impact of Type IV technological change (2)

A

Results in “new range of products, services, systems, and industries” and “affects directly or indirectly almost every branch of the economy”
Alters “conditions of production and distribution” as well as style of management throughout the economic system

29
Q

How many techno-economic paradigms have we undergone in the modern world since the 18th century?

A

At least 4

30
Q

What are the four changes in techno-economic paradigms we have undergone in the modern world since the 18th century?

A

First IR: convergence of coal, steam, and iron
Second IR: gas-powered i.c.e, electricity, steel
Third IR: microelectronics, computers, and telecommunications
Fourth IR: RING technologies

HTS 2084 (9 decks)

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