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SOCI 393 Test 1 > Industrialization > Flashcards

Industrialization Flashcards

1
Q

The industrial revolution

A
  • mid 19th century in England
  • Replaced agriculture with industry
  • rise of large-scale production and factories
  • emergence of working class

shift from agricultural work to mechanized labor

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2
Q

What was Marc worried about

A

individual’s relationship with work
-they took pride in their work

  • and involved in the work process from finish to end - sense of accomplishment, fruits to their labor
  • his concern was that there was a new class of workers, who sell the labor to someone else, signaling the emergence of the working class rather than it being something you’re proud of
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3
Q

Durkheim

A

The task that they were assigned were highly specialized and narrow

  • part of breaking down these tasks to coordinate things
  • trying to better understand the ramifications of the industrial revolution
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4
Q

those who owned the lands

A

Aristocrats

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5
Q

WAGES AND WORKING IN THE IR

A

-Pollution turned the cities black

-Lack of housing created urban slums
With high demand exploitation of workers including children

  • Hiring of children some as young as 5 years old that outraged the public
  • Formed unions and fought for government regulations to limit he work day and protect children
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6
Q

Global village

A
  • connect people around the world

- can work anytime and anywhere

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7
Q

industrialist

A

those who owned the factories

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8
Q

Emile Durkheim

A
  • Mechanical and organic solidarity
  • division of labor
  • anomie
  • structural functionalism
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9
Q

Macro level: Durkheim

A

Interested in the rapid social change and what is going to happen next
-solidarity: what ties people together in a society, bonds us together as members of the same society
Primitive societies vs today, is that they are based on different types of ties that are lined together to form a bond

  • primitive-mechanical solidarity
    -pre-industrial
    -share similar values and ideas
    -not a lot of inequality, people take care of each other
    -Division of labor
    -women or very old - gathering part
    Young healthy male = involved in the hunting
    -Tied together based on sameness or likeness, similar
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10
Q

Organic: Durkheim

A

During industrial revolution
-highly specialized labor
-social bonds aren ow based on differfences
link us together because each of us are responsible of a small thing, in terms of how do we survive

  • each of us do a narrowly defined task
  • dependent on others - social binds
  • organic because - analogy (human body) how we need all these parts in order for our body to be alive
  • depend on other people, for so many things
  • overly specialized, narrowly defined in such a way we don’t have a sense of purpose or a sense of meaning
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11
Q

Anomie: Durkheim

A
  • sense that we do not connect
  • lack meaning
  • why do people have higher suicide rate than others?
  • structural causes- linked back to social ons
  • groups of people have more or less social ties (marriage, religions)
  • focus on structural approaches to understand society
  • interested in macro level questions
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12
Q

Karl Marx

A

Macro level: interested in the consequences that are related to economic classes
-focuses on two basic economic classes who have conflicting interests

Relation to the means of production
-1 class who owns all the stuff (capitalists) (bourgeoise) (bad guys)
The other doesn’t (proletariat) workers (labor)
-Being used to generate wages for themselves
-Paid to carry out the work

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13
Q

Marx: conflict

A

-Pay the workers less to make more profit for themselves
-They both have different interests
Workers want wages raised, and the owners lower

  • Conflict between these classes as a good thing, as it will bring about social change
  • Optimism comes from the proletariat, but at some point they are going to wake up and realize that they are being exploited, and they end up having a class consciousness. If these workers gain consciousness, they will have revolution and a call for change.
  • You need to have conflict in order to bring about change
  • A development of a classless society
  • He saw that what the workers would want, is to go from a class base society to a classless society
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14
Q

Marx: formation of unions

A
  • To protect children
  • One way in which the workers could get -more control over their working conditions
  • More bargaining power
  • Able to talk about what is unacceptable, and did it as a group
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15
Q

What does Marx promote?

A

Conflict and change

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16
Q

Weber

A
  • symbolic interaction
  • protestant work ethic
  • stay of bureaucracies
17
Q

Weber: symbolic interaction

A
  • Interpretation of meaning, and subjective meaning that individuals attach to their interactions with others, and this takes a different approach
  • To understand this, we have to adopt the approach called Verstehen
  • You have to put themselves in their shoes, and be able to understand their perspective on how they see the world
  • Involve observation work, participant observation and non participant observation
18
Q

Weber: macro level approach

A
  • Macro level changes that were occurring
  • Large scale factories – there needed to be way in order to synchronize labor
  • They started formulating bureaucratic ways of working
  • Formation of the protestant work ethic
  • Changes in the values of society in terms of religious beliefs that he thinks had an impact on this type of organization that fit within the context of early capitalism
  • Places a high value of work
  • Rather than work being a necessary evil,
  • With the protestant work ethic- work is your calling, God gave you this gift to do, so that when you perform work you are performing service for God “God given gifts”
  • We changed our values and ideas about work
  • If you were a hard worker you were destined for heaven
  • If you worked hard and you spent your money frivolously = sinful
  • If you got your pay check and invested = destined for heaven
  • Suggested that the protestant work ethic did was brought rational work values to society
  • Protestant work ethic and bureaucracies working simultaneously together - Reinforced each other- in terms of thinking of
19
Q

Controlling workers: The Assembly Line

A

Based on the idea that industrial operations can be performed more efficiently when workers stay in one place while he work comes to them

Made industrial production much more efficient and economical

Ex: Henry ford - manufacturing cars
Highly repetitive, limited to box where you can stand, often don’t talk to others

20
Q

Controlling workers: making management “scientific”

A 
Workplace resistance and worker hostility 
Taylor:
-sought to reduce labor-management
-Time and motion studies
-Scientific management
21
Q

Luddite movement

A

“throw a wrench in it” literally

sabotage of these assembly line

22
Q

Frederick motives

A

How can we get workers to work faster

23
Q

Time and motion studies

A

Most efficient way to do tasks

24
Q

Scientific management

A

Link pay to how productive you are
“piece rate”
How to manage workers
Ex: commission

25
Q

Women in the IR

A
  • moved into paid employment
  • Low wages
  • attitudes of paternalism toward women workers
  • pay them less, assumed that women would be married and already had a primary breadwinners.
  • When they got pregnant they quit.
  • Gender-based occupational segregation
  • held women in poorly-paid low-skill jobs
  • Men and women were always doing different jobs, even if they had the same employer
26
Q

Work in Post industrial society

A

Decline in agricultural work

From factory work to service work

Changes in labor force participation

27
Q

Occupational shifts in North America

A

Shifting
Dramatic drop in people working in agriculture
40% - down to 3% today

Agriculture became more efficient , increased by 2000%
growing grain, or raising cattle

Blue collar
Declining because of the greater efficiency in technology and manufacturing

Greatest increase in service work
Close to 80% in the labor market is working in a service type job

28
Q

The growth in service work

A 
In the 50s and 60s 
Economist started saying that we now have middle class societies 
Service jobs - They include a wide range of occupations

We are now living in a service dominated economy
We rely so much on services than we did in the past
dual earner families – more money than time
Families (increase)

29
Q

US labor force participation rates

A

Over the age of 15 working for pay

Now that men are living longer, they can exit the labor market

For women, we see a dramatic rise
Changes in the fertility rate in women in North America
1960 the pill because a widely used method contraception
More control of when they had ids and how many they had, and how close and how far they space them

Women started having fewer kids, and spacing their births closer together
Fewer kids = out of the labour market for a shorter period of time

When they had children before they left the labour market for good and raise the children
When the kids were teens, mom would go back to work
Most of them after giving birth, return quickly

SOCI 393 Test 1 (6 decks)

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