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Semester 2: Cardiorespiratory Fitness > Anatomy Topic 2 Case 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy Topic 2 Case 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the nares?

A
  • Anterior aperture of nasal cavities
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2
Q

What are the choanae?

A
  • Posterior apertures of nasal cavities
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3
Q

How are nasal cavities separated:

[A] From each other
[B] From oral cavity
[C] From cranial cavity

A
  • [A] Midline septum
  • [B] Hard palate
  • [C] Frontal, Ethmoid and Sphenoid Bones
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4
Q

What are conchae and how are they arranged?

A
  • Curves shelves of bone
  • Which sit above one another
  • Project medially and inferiorly
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5
Q

What is the role of the conchae?

A
  • Increase surface area of contact between tissues
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6
Q

Which air channel occurs between the superior conchae and nasal roof?

A
  • Spheno-ethmoidal recess
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7
Q

What is the function of the nasolacrimal duct?

A
  • Drains tears from the eye into the nasal cavity
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8
Q

What is the function of the vestibular region?

A
  • Contains hairs known as vibrissae

- Filters air by trapping large particles

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9
Q

What is the function of the respiratory region?

A
  • Conchae increase surface area

- Goblet cells secrete mucus which trap small particles

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10
Q

What is the function of the olfactory region?

A
  • Cilia which move mucus to be swallowed

- Olfactory receptors to detect odours

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11
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for olfaction?

A
  • Olfactory Nerve
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12
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for general sensation of the nose?

A
  • Trigeminal Nerve
  • Anterior region by ophthalmic branch
  • Posterior by maxillary branch
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13
Q

Which arteries supply the nose?

A
  • Maxillary and facial artereis

- Which are branches of the carotid artery

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14
Q

Identify the three unpaired bones that contribute to the skeletal framework of the nose.

A
  • Ethmoid
  • Sphenoid
  • Vomer
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15
Q

Identify the four paired bones that contribute to the skeletal framework of the nose.

A
  • Nasal
  • Maxillary
  • Platine
  • Lacrimal
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16
Q

The posterior ethmoidal cells open onto which nasal meatus?

A
  • Superior nasal meatus
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17
Q

The frontal sinuses open onto which nasal meatus?

A
  • Middle nasal meatus

- Via the frontonasal duct

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18
Q

The maxillary sinuses open onto which nasal meatus?

A
  • Middle nasal meatus
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19
Q

The inferior nasal meatus drains which duct?

A
  • Nasolacrimal Duct
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20
Q

The spheno-ethmoidal recess drains which nasal sinus?

A
  • Sphenoid Sinus
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21
Q

What is the clinical significance of the sphenoid sinuses?

A
  • Pituitary gland can be surgically approached via the sphenoid sinuses
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22
Q

Identify five roles of paranasal sinuses

A
  • Decreasing relative weight of the front of the skull
  • Providing a buffer against blows to the face
  • Insulating sensitive structures e.g. dental roots and eyes
  • Humidifying and heating inhaled air due to slow air turnover
  • Increasing resonance of voice
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23
Q

Which nerve innervates the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Trigeminal nerve
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24
Q

Identify the two roles of the larynx?

A
  • Sphincter to close respiratory tract

- Instrument to produce sound

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25
Q

Identify the three unpaired cartilages that make up the larynx

A
  • Cricoid
  • Thyroid
  • Epiglottis
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26
Q

Identify the three pairs cartilages that make up the larynx

A
  • Arytenoid
  • Corniculate
  • Cuneiform
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27
Q

At which vertebral level is the cricoid cartilage located?

A
  • C6
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28
Q

Which structures does the quadrangular membrane run between?

A
  • Lateral margins of epiglottis

- Anterolateral surface of arytenoid cartilage

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29
Q

The free lower margin of the quadrangular membrane is thickened to form which ligament?

A
  • Vestibular ligament
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30
Q

What is the rima vestibuli?

A
  • Triangular opening

- Between two adjacent vestibular folds

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31
Q

Which are the anterior and posterior attachments of the cricothyroid ligament?

A
  • Anteriorly to thyroid cartilage

- Posteriorly to vocal processes of arytenoid cartilage

32
Q

What is the rima glottidis?

A
  • Narrower triangular opening

- Between two adjacent vocal folds

33
Q

Identify five functions of the larynx

A
  • Quiet respiration
  • Forced respiration
  • Phonation
  • Effort closure
  • Swallowing
34
Q

Between which vertebral levels does the trachea run between?

A
  • C6

- T4 - T5, where it bifurcates at the carina

35
Q

How is the trachea held open?

A
  • By C-shaped transverse cartilage rings
36
Q

What is the clinical significance of the right main bronchus?

A
  • Wider and takes a more vertical course

- Inhaled foreign bodies tend to lodge more frequently

37
Q

Identify alternative names for the primary, secondary and tertiary bronchi

A
  • Primary = Main
  • Secondary = Lobar
  • Tertiary = Segmental
38
Q

What doe the segmental bronchi supply?

A
  • Bronchopulmonary segments
39
Q

What are bronchopulmonary segments and how many bronchopulmonary segments are located in each lung?

A
  • Smallest functionally independent region of a lung

- 10

40
Q

What is the role of the pulmonary arteries?

A
  • Deliver deoxygenated blood to the lungs from the right ventricle
41
Q

What is the role of the pulmonary veins?

A
  • Deliver oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
42
Q

Identify and describe the two surfaces of each lung

A
  • Costal surface, adjacent to ribs and intercostal surfaces

- Mediastinal surface, adjacent to mediastinum anteriorly and vertebral column posteriorly

43
Q

Identify and describe the three borders of each lung

A
  • Inferior border, sharp border separating base from costal surface
  • Anterior border, sharp border separating costal surface from medial surface
  • Posterior border, smooth border separating costal surface from medial surface
44
Q

What is the root of a lung?

A
  • Short tubular collection of structures that together attach the lungs to the mediastinum
45
Q

What covers the root of the lung?

A
  • Mediastinal pleura
46
Q

What is the pulmonary ligament?

A
  • Blade like fold of pleura
  • Projects inferiorly from the root to the mediastinum
  • Stabilise position of inferior lobe
47
Q

Does the vagus nerve pass anteriorly or posteriorly to the root of the lung?

A
  • Posteriorly
48
Q

Does the phrenic nerve pass anteriorly or posteriorly to the root of the lung?

A
  • Anteriorly
49
Q

Identify six features located in each lung hilum?

A
  • 1 x Pulmonary Artery
  • 2 x Pulmonary Vein
  • Bronchus
  • Nerves
  • Lymphatics
50
Q

How are the structures of the hilum positioned relative to one another in each lung?

A
  • Pulmonary Artery is anterior
  • Bronchus in the middle
  • Pulmonary Veins are inferior
51
Q

Identify the lobes and fissures of the right lung?

A
  • Superior, middle and inferior lobe
  • Oblique fissure
  • Horizontal fissure
52
Q

Where is the right oblique fissure located on a patient?

A
  • Spinous process of T4
  • Crosses 5th intercostal space laterally
  • Follows contour of rib 6 anteriorly
53
Q

Where is the horizontal fissure located on a patient?

A
  • Follows 4th intercostal sapce

- Meets oblique fissure as it crosses rib 5

54
Q

Identify the important structures that lie adjacent to the right lung

A
  • Heart
  • Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
  • Azygos Vein
  • Oesophagus
  • Right Subclavian Artery and Vein
55
Q

Identify the lobes and fissures of the left lung?

A
  • Superior and inferior lobe

- Oblique fissure

56
Q

Where is the left oblique fissure located on a patient?

A
  • Spinous process of T4
  • Crosses 5th intercostal space laterally
  • Follows contour of rib 6 anteriorly
57
Q

Identify two additional structures of the left lung not present on the right lung

A
  • Cardiac noch

- Lingual of left lung

58
Q

Identify the important structures that lie adjacent to the left lung

A
  • Heart
  • Aortic Arch
  • Thoracic Aorta
  • Oesophagus
  • Subclavian Artery and Vein
59
Q

Where do the pulmonary arteries originate from?

A
  • Pulmonary Trunk
60
Q

At which vertebral level does the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk occur?

A
  • T4/T5

- Anteroinferiorly to bifurcation of trachea

61
Q

Which structures are supplied by the bronchial arteries?

A
  • Bronchial walls and glands
  • Walls of large vessels
  • Visceral pleura
62
Q

Where do the bronchial arteries originate?

A
  • Thoracic aorta
63
Q

How many right bronchial arteries are there and from where do they arise?

A
  • One right bronchial artery

- Third posterior intercostal artery

64
Q

How many left bronchial arteries are there and from where do they arise?

A
  • Two left bronchial arteries

- Thoracic aorta (T5)

65
Q

Do the bronchial arteries run on the anterior or posterior surfaces of the bronchi?

A
  • Posterior
66
Q

What do the bronchial veins frain into?

A
  • Pulmonary veins

- Azygos system
Azygos vein on the right and hemiazygos vein on the left

67
Q

What is efferent and afferent innervation of the lungs and visceral pleura?

A
  • Anterior and posterior pulmonary plexus

- Which originate from sympathetic trunks and vagus nerves

68
Q

What is the efferent function of the vagus nerve with regards to the bronchioles

A
  • Constrict bronchioles
69
Q

What is the efferent function of the sympathetic system with regards to the bronchioles

A
  • Dilates bronchioles
70
Q

Identify the passageway taken by lymph from the bronchopulmonary nodes?

A
  • Bronchopulmonary nodes
  • Tracheobronchial nodes
  • Brachiocephalic / Parasternal nodes
  • Right / left bronchomediastinal trunks
  • Right lymphatic / thoracic duct
  • Returned to blood vascular system at brachiocephalic vein
71
Q

At the level of which costal cartilage do the anterior borders of the lungs meet in the midline?

A
  • 2nd Costal Cartilage
72
Q

At the level of which costal cartilage does the anterior border of the left lung move away from the midline?

A
  • 4th Costal Cartilage
73
Q

At the level of which costal cartilage does the anterior border of the right lung move away from the midline?

A
  • 6th Costal Cartilage
74
Q

At the level of which rib do the lower borders of each lung cross the mid-axillary line?

A
  • Rib 8
75
Q

At the level of which rib do the lower borders of the posterior aspect of each lung are level with the rib?

A
  • Rib 10

Semester 2: Cardiorespiratory Fitness (18 decks)

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