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Spinal Anatomy -- Morter > Spinal Final Exam: Section XI cont. ALL,PLL, Lig. FLavum...etc > Flashcards

Spinal Final Exam: Section XI cont. ALL,PLL, Lig. FLavum...etc Flashcards

1
Q

What vertebral levels will the anterior longitudinal ligament attach to?

A

those b/w occiput and S3 inclusive are traditionally located

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2
Q

What is the lowest extent of the anterior longitudinal ligament based on recent studies?

A

L3

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3
Q

What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

it brakes or limits dorsi-flexion or hyperextension of the vertebral column

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4
Q

What was ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament in the lumbar region identified as?

A

Forestier’s Disease

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5
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament ossification in the lumbar region is now identified as_____?

A

Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis or DISH

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6
Q

What vertebral levels will the posterior longitudinal ligament attach to?

A

those between C2 and S3 inclusive are traditionally indicated

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7
Q

What is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

it brakes or limits flexion of the vertebral column

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8
Q

Where is the ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament most commonly identified?

A

the cervical spine with an 80% incidence

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9
Q

What is the clinical sign of posterior longitudinal ligament ossification in the cervical spine?

A

a loss of hand and finger dexterity

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10
Q

What is the incidence of posterior longitudinal ligament ossification in the thoracic and lumbar spine?

A

about 10% of the thoracic and 10% at the lumbar spine

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11
Q

What is the clinical sign of posterior longitudinal ligament ossification in the lumbar spine?

A

faltering gait

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12
Q

What is the gender, age, and ethnic bias associated with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

it is greater in males over 50 and has a higher incidence in the Japanese

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13
Q

What is the acronym for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

OPLL

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14
Q

At one time ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament was an example of what condition?

A

Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis or DISH

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15
Q

What vertebral levels will the ligamentum flavum be attached to?

A

those between C2 and S1 inclusive are traditionally indicated

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16
Q

What is the histology of the ligamentum flavum?

A

it is formed primarily with elastic fibers, which are yellow in appearance

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17
Q

What is the name given to the ligamentum flavum based on appearance and histology?

A

it is a yellow elastic ligament

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18
Q

What is the function of the ligamentum flavum?

A

it brakes or limits flexion of the vertebral column

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19
Q

What is now thought to be major function of the ligamentum flavum?

A

it is an early prime factor in extension of the vertebral column

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20
Q

Where is ossification of the ligamentum flavum most commonly identified?

A

the thoracic spine or thoracolumbar transition zone

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21
Q

What is the acronym for ossification of the ligamentum flavum?

A

OLF

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22
Q

What is the relationship between the capsular ligament and mobility?

A

the more lax/loose the capsular ligament is, the greater the motion of the joint

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23
Q

What regions of the vertebral column demonstrate the greatest laxity of capsular ligaments?

A

the cervical and lumbar regions

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24
Q

The capuslar ligament may blend with which other common ligament?

A

the ligamentum flavum

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25
Q

What muscle will blend with the capsular ligament posteriorly?

A

the multifidis

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26
Q

What is the pattern of innervation for the zygapophysis capsular ligament?

A

it is typically innervated by 3 spinal nerves

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27
Q

If the zygapophyseal capsular ligament is not significantly involved in restricting motion what is its’ function?

A

it is probably involved in proprioceptive feedback to the muscle stabilizing the vertebral column during movement

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28
Q

What vertebral levels will the interspinous ligament be attached to?

A

those between C2 and S1 inclusive are traditionally indicated

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29
Q

What is the status of the human interspinous ligament compared with other common ligaments?

A

they are poorly developed as ligaments although collagen fibers are present

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30
Q

What is the stats of the cervical interspinous ligament?

A

it is lacking, poorly developed, or simply considered the deep anterior part of the ligamentum nuchae

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31
Q

What is the status of the thoracic interspinous ligament?

A

it is narrow and elongated reflecting the shape of the spinous process

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32
Q

What is the status of the lumbar interspinous ligament?

A

it is broad and thick with three layers identified from anterior to posterior

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33
Q

What is the classic function of the interspinous ligament?

A

it brakes or limits flexion of the vertebral column

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34
Q

What is now thought to be a major function of the interspinous ligament?

A

it is more likely a proprioceptive transducer for the spinal reflex

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35
Q

What is the name given to the superficial layer of the ligamentum nuchae?

A

the funicular layer or part

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36
Q

What is the name given to the deep layer of the ligamentum nuchae?

A

the lamellar layer or part

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37
Q

What are the attachment sites for the superficial layer of the ligamentum nuchae?

A

the external occipital protuberance, external occipital crest, and spinous tubercle of C7

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38
Q

What are the attachment sites for the deep layer of the ligamentum nuchae?

A

the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1, and spinous tubercles b/w C2 and C6 inclusive

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39
Q

What is the histological make-up of the ligamentum nuchae in quadrupeds?

A

it is a yellow elastic ligament

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40
Q

What is the histological make-up of the human ligamentum nuchae?

A

it is a yellow elastic ligament, but has more collagen fibers than in quadrupeds

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41
Q

What is the primary yellow elastic or elastic ligament of the spine?

A

the ligamentum flavum

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42
Q

What is the classic function of the human ligamentum nuchae?

A

it brakes or limits flexion of the cervical spine

43
Q

What will the supraspinous ligament by attached to?

A

the spinous tubercles along the vertebral column from C7 to sacrum

44
Q

What is the termination level inferiorly for the supraspinous ligament according to current literature?

A

primarily at L4 (73%); between L4 and L5 (5%)

45
Q

Where is the supraspinous ligament said to be best developed?

A

in the lumbar spine

46
Q

What is the classic function of the human supraspinous ligament?

A

it brakes or limits flexion of the spine

47
Q

What is now thought to be a major function of the supraspinous ligament?

A

it is a proprioceptive transducer for the spinal reflex

48
Q

What is the status of the cervical intertransverse ligament?

A

it is said to be paired with an anterior and a posterior intertransverse ligament present

49
Q

What is the status of the thoracic intertransverse ligament?

A

it is said to bled with muscles of the deep back; a separate ligament may not exist

50
Q

Where in the vertebral column is the intertransverse ligament best developed?

A

in the lumbar spine

51
Q

What part of the lumbar intertransverse ligament covers the intervertebral foramen?

A

the ventral slip

52
Q

What part of the intertransverse ligament in the lumbar spine divides the body wall into an anterior muscular compartment and a posterior muscular compartment?

A

the dorsal slip

53
Q

What is the classic function of the anterior atlanto-occipital ligament

A

it brakes or limits “extension” of the skull over the cervical spine

54
Q

What is the classic function of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament?

A

it brakes or limits axial rotation, flexion, and perhaps lateral bending of the skull on atlas

55
Q

What amount of flexion - extension is accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

about 25 degrees

56
Q

What amount of the axial rotation is accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

about 3-8 degrees one side axial rotation

57
Q

What amount of lateral bending is accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

about 5 degrees

58
Q

Which motion is best accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

felxion - extension

59
Q

What is the function of the transverse atlantal ligament?

A

it is the primary stabilizer of the atlanto-axial joint restricting the distance of C2 from the anterior arch of C1

60
Q

What movements are facilitated at the median atlanto-axial joint?

A

flexion - extension, rotation, and telescoping (superior - inferior gliding)

61
Q

What is the ADI?

A

the Atlanto-Dental Interspace, a radiographic distance between the surfaces of the anterior bursa of the median atlanto-axial joint

62
Q

The ADI is observed between which surfaces?

A

the fovea dentis of C1 and the facet for fovea dentis of C2

63
Q

What is the ADI of children compared with that of adults?

A

about 4.5 mm in children; a range of 2-3 mm or about 2.5 mm in adults

64
Q

What are the characteristics of the capsular ligament of the lateral atlanto-axial joint?

A

it is lax or loose and demonstrates a meniscoidal fold within the joint cavity

65
Q

What are the attachment sites for the accessory atlanto-axial ligaments?

A

the base of the odontoid process and vertebral body of axis to the tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament on the lateral mass of C1;
a superior continuation may attach on the occipital bone just behind that of the alar ligament

66
Q

What are the degrees of movement facilitated at the atlanto-axial joint?

A

about 20 degrees flexion - extension,
40 degrees one side axial rotation,
and 5 degrees of lateral bending

67
Q

The occiput - C1 - C2 joint complex accounts for what percent of all cervical axial rotation?

A

about 60%

68
Q

Embryologically, what forms the apical ligament of the dens of the apicodental ligament?

A

the notochord

69
Q

What ligament attaches to the posterolateral part of the odontoid process of C2 and to surfaces on the medial border of the occipital condyle or as far anterior as the anterolateral margin of the foramen magnum?

A

the alar ligament

70
Q

What is the function of the alar ligament?

A

together they function to resist axial rotation

71
Q

For the cervical spine below C2, what is the range of flexion - extension?

A

about 90 degrees or about 18 degrees per couple

72
Q

For the cervical spine below C2, what is the range of one side lateral bending?

A

about 50 degrees or about 10 degrees per couple

73
Q

For the cervical spine below C2, what is the range of one side axial rotation?

A

about 33 degrees or about 6 degrees per couple

74
Q

For the cervical spine below C2, what is the range of motion allowed for each type of joint motion identified?

A
  • 90 degrees flexion-extension
  • 50 degrees one side lateral bending
  • 33 degrees one side axial rotation
75
Q

Based on the current literature what common ligaments are absent at the lumbosacral joint?

A

ligamentum nuchae, interspinous ligament, and supraspinous ligament

76
Q

Which ligaments replace the intertransverse ligament at the lumbosacral joint?

A

the iliolumbar ligament and lumbosacral ligament

77
Q

What are the attachment sites for the lumbosacral ligament?

A

the sacral ala and ventrolateral surface of sacrum attach to the transverse process of L5

78
Q

What are the attachment sites for the iliolumbar ligament?

A

the iliac crest is attached to the transverse process of L5

79
Q

What muscle is intimately attached to the superior iliolumbar ligament?

A

quadratus lumborum

80
Q

Which vertebral couple of the lumbar spine has the greatest range of motion?

A

L5/S1

81
Q

Which range of motion is greatest for all lumbar vertebral couples?

A

flexion - extension

82
Q

Which range of motion is least for L1 - L5 vertebral couples?

A

one side axial rotation

83
Q

Which range of motion is least for the L5/S1 vertebral couple?

A

one side lateral bending

84
Q

What are the attaching sites for the anterior sacrococcygeal ligament?

A

the vertebral bodies from about S3 to Co2 - Co3

85
Q

List, in order, from cranial to caudal the ligaments forming the anterior boundary of the spinal column.

A
  • the anterior atlanto-occipital ligament,
  • anterior atlanto-axial ligament,
  • anterior longitudinal ligament, and
  • the anterior sacrococcygeal ligament
86
Q

What are the attaching sites for the deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament?

A

the vertebral bodies from about S3 to Co1

87
Q

List, in order, from cranial to caudal the ligaments forming the anterior boundary of the spinal canal.

A

the membrane tectoria, posterior longitudinal ligament, and the deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

88
Q

List, in order, from cranial to caudal the ligaments forming the posterior boundary of the spinal canal.

A
  • the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament,
  • posterior atlanto-axial ligament,
  • ligamentum flavum, and
  • the superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
89
Q

What forms the closure for the spinal canal inferiorly?

A

the fusion of the deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament with the superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

90
Q

What is the homolog of the intertransverse ligament at the sacrococcygeal joint?

A

the lateral sacrococcygeal ligament

91
Q

What are the attaching sites for the lateral sacrococcygeal ligament?

A

the inferior lateral margin of sacrum and the transverse process of Co1

92
Q

What is the homolog of the capsular ligament at the sacrococcygeal joint?

A

the intercornual ligament

93
Q

What does degenerative arthrosis mean?

A

a condition of defeneration of the joint, sometimes referred to as degenerative joint disease (DJD)

94
Q

What does ankylosis mean?

A

a condition of fibrous adhesion occurs within the joint

95
Q

What is the age and surface bias associated with degenerative arthrosis of the sacro-iliac joint?

A

age 40, the iliac auricular surface

96
Q

What is the age and gender bias associated with anklysosis of the sacro-iliac joint?

A

age 50 and male bias particularly in African American males

97
Q

What age and gender bias is associated with ossification of the anterior sacro-iliac ligament?

A

age 40 and male bias

98
Q

Which is the strongest of the sacro-iliac ligaments?

A

the interosseous sacro-iliac ligament

99
Q

What are the attachment sites of the interosseous sacroiliac ligament?

A

at the sacral tuberosity and the iliac sulcus

100
Q

What passes between the layers of the interosseous sacro-iliac ligament?

A

dorsal rami from the sacral spinal nerves

101
Q

What ligament blends with the lateral borderr of the long posterior sacro-iliac ligament?

A

the sacrotuberous ligament

102
Q

What is formed by the continuation of the sacrotuberous ligament along the ischial ramus?

A

the falciform process

103
Q

What separates the greater sciatic and lesser sciatic foramina?

A

the sacrospinous ligament

104
Q

What is the function of the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments?

A

the oppose the upward tilt of the sacral apex and resist the rotation of sacrum between the innominate bones

Spinal Anatomy -- Morter (21 decks)

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