synapse and networks

Question 1

What is the input zone

Answer 1

where neurons collec adn integrate information, either from the environment or from other cells

Question 2

what is the integration zone

Answer 2

where the decision to produce a neural signal is made

Question 3

what is the conduction zone

Answer 3

where informaiton can be transmitted over great distances

Question 4

what is the output zone

Answer 4

where the neuron transfers inforamiton to other cells

Question 5

Where are leak channels and ion pumps

Answer 5

entire neural membrane

Question 6

where are voltage-gated channels

Answer 6

axonal hillock (integration zone) and the axon (conduction zone)

Question 7

where are voltage-gated Ca2+ channels?

Answer 7

axon terminals (output zone)

Question 8

where are ligand-gated channels?

Answer 8

dendrites adn soma (input zone)

Question 9

Where are voltage-gated ion channels common?

Answer 9

bacteria, viruses, plants and fungi

Question 10

What did Camillo Golgi (1853-1934) do?

Answer 10

historical silver stainings of neurons

Question 11

What did Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1853-1934) do?

Answer 11

the father of neuroscience’, brilliant neuroanatomist and artist who drew the microscopic structures of brains

Question 12

Who shared the nobel prize for medicine and physiology in 1906

Answer 12

camillo Golgi and Ramon y Cajal

Question 13

What is the neuron doctorin?

Answer 13

Brains are composed of separate neurons and other cells

2) Cells are independent
3) Neurons are polarised cells
4) Information is transmitted from cell to cell across tiny gaps (synapses)

Question 14

At a synapse, where are signals transmitted to?

Answer 14

another neuron or to tissues

Question 15

What is an electric synapse?

Answer 15

gap junctions connect the cytoplasm of two neurons

Question 16

How big is the gap between membrane?

Answer 16

20-40nm

Question 17

What is fast action?

Answer 17

Commanding escape responses (crayfish, fish)

Question 18

What is synchronised activity?

Answer 18

Inhibitory neurons in mammalian brain, eye-moving muscles

Question 19

Although slower, nearly all synapses are _____

Answer 19

chemical

Question 20

What is resting potential

Answer 20

membrane potential when the neuron is at rest

Question 21

When is it depolarisation

Answer 21

graded potential before reaching threshold.

when the neuron is excited (received signal)

Question 22

Where are action potentials generated

Answer 22

in the integration zone if depolarisation reaches threshold. Signal transmission inside neuron

Question 23

What are some frequently found synapses?

Answer 23

axo-dendric, axo-somatic, axo-axonic

Question 24

What is golgi?

Answer 24

impregnated pyramidal cell in hippocampal area CA1, showing the soma and apical and basal dendrites

Question 25

What is the signal transformation fo the presynaptic neuron during synaptic transmission?

Answer 25

depolarisation of the axon terminal membrane opens Ca2+ channels and Ca2+ ions enter the terminal because the intracellular concentration is lower.

The increase in Ca2+ concentration stimulates the release of neurotransmitter that is stored in vesicles. When these vesicles fuse with presynaptic membrane the neurotransmitter diffuses into the synaptic cleft.

Question 26

what is the signal transforamtion of the post-synaptic neuron

Answer 26

The neurotransmitter either crosses the synaptic cleft and interacts with ionotropic receptors that are embedded in the membrane of the dendrite or soma (typically) of the postsynaptic neuron…

OR

Or the neurotransmitter crosses the synaptic cleft and interacts with metabotropic receptors

Question 27

When do ligand-gated ion channels open?

Answer 27

when bound by neurotransmitter molecules

Question 28

when does the problem of signal loss arise?

Answer 28

when transmission distances are longer

Question 29

why are the neural membrane exposed at the nodes of ranvier?

Answer 29

for ion conductance through voltage-gated channels

Question 30

what is saltatory conduction

Answer 30

Because the myelin insulation offers considerable resistance to the flow of ionic currents across the membrane, the action potential jumps from node to node.

Question 31

Most neurons in the mammalian nervous system are…

Answer 31

short, unmyelinated

Question 32

When and which signal is picked up by a neuron depends on the:

Answer 32

• type of neurotransmitter

- duration of neurotransmitter release

Question 33

Example of transmitters at excitatory synapses

Answer 33

glutamate, aspartate, nAch

Question 34

examples of transmitters at inhibitory synapses?

Answer 34

GABA, glycine, acetylcholine

Question 35

What is temporal summation?

Answer 35

If the neurotransmitter is released for longer time into the synaptic cleft, then the postsynaptic potential is stronger

Question 36

What is spatial summation

Answer 36

If postsynaptic potentials arrive together in the integration zone, they are summed up

Question 37

what are spiking neurons?

Answer 37

if the membrane at the integration zone is depolarised above threshold an action potential will be generated

Question 38

The more excitatory input arrives, the ____ the output signal

Answer 38

stronger

Question 39

the more inhibitory input arrives, the _____ the output signal

Answer 39

weaker

Question 40

Spatial and temporal summation at the synapses determine the strength of the signal when?

Answer 40

when it is passed on from one neuron to the next

Question 41

What do feedback loops provide

Answer 41

direct or indirect input influencing signals and thus information

Question 42

How do neurons communicate?

Answer 42

via electric signals

Question 43

What are ionotropic receptors

Answer 43

ligand-gated ion channels

Question 44

what are metabotropic receptors

Answer 44

coupled to G-protein

Question 45

Saltatory conduction of singals in…

Answer 45

myelinised neurons

Question 46

• Temporal and spatial summation of postsynaptic potentials in the integration zone determine what?

Answer 46

strength of the signal