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anat 316_ > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

THE ORBIT AND THE EYE - INTRO

The eye is directly connected to the central nervous system via the ____ nerve (CN __)

It is situated in the bony socket, the ____

In addition to the optic nerve, it is also dependant on cranial nerves __, __, and ___

The orbit also contains the _______ _____

A

Optic
II

Orbit

III
IV
VI

Lacrimal Apparatus

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2
Q

THE ORBIT

It is _____ shape, with the tip of the pyramid being behind the ____

It therefore, has a _____, a _____ wall, a _____ wall and a ____

The apex is approximately at the junction of the ____ and _____ orbital ______

The orbit also has upper, lower, medial and a lateral borders forming the _____ of the pyramid

A

Pyramidal
Eyeball

Roof
Medial
Lateral
Floor

Superior
Inferior
Fissures

Base

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3
Q

ORBIT

BORDERS

Upper - the ___ bone

Medial - formed from the ____ bone, the frontal process of the ____ and the ____ bone

Lower - consisting of the maxilla and ______ bones, also known as the _______ margin

Lateral - formed the frontal process of _____ bone and the zygomatic _____ of frontal bone

A

Frontal

Frontal
Maxilla
Lacrimal

Zygomatic
Infraorbital

Zygomatic
Process

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4
Q

ORBIT

FEATURES

Roof - a part of the frontal bone’s _____ ____

Floor - made of the ____ and _____ bones

Lateral Wall - consisting of the zygomatic bone and the _____ ____ of _____ bone

Medial Wall - the ____ process of the maxilla and the lacrimal and _____ bones

Superior and Inferior ______ _____

____ Canal

Superior and Inferior _____ ____

A

Orbital Plate

Maxilla
Zygomatic

Greater Wing
Sphenoid

Frontal
Ethmoid

Orbital Fissures

Optic

Orbital Foramen

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5
Q

THE EYE

The organ of sight is roughly spherical with its sensory component, the _____, situated at the back of the eye connected directly to the ____ ___

There are 3 layers of tissue in the eye and there are 2 cavities, which are separated by the _____

The lens acts as a refracting prism focusing the light rays onto the ____

A

Retina
Optic Nerve

Lens

Retina

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6
Q

THE EYE

LAYERS

Outer Layer - Cornea-Sclera

The anterior part of this layer is the transparent _____ which has a smaller radius than the rest of the eye

It serves to help focus _____ light rays. The rest of the eye is enveloped in the opaque ____

_______________

MIDDLE LAYER-Choroid

This layer contains the blood supply and its anterior border is the circular opening, the _____

Peripheral to the pupil is the coloured ____

The muscles controlling the ____ and ___ are also part of the choroid layer

_______________

DEEP LAYER-The Retina

This final layer forms an incomplete _____ and is made of the nerve cells connected to the ____ nerve

The retina is organized posteriorly into 10 layers that contain the light sensitive cells, the ____ and ____

Its most sensitive area, the ____ _____, is directly in line with the center of the cornea and lens

There is a pit, the optic ____, where the nerve cells leave to join the optic nerve

A

Cornea

Penetrating
Sclera

___________

Pupil

Iris

Lens
Pupil

____________

Sphere
Optic

Rods
Cones

Fovea Centralis

Disc

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7
Q

THE EYE

CHAMBERS

ANTERIOR CHAMBER

This diameter contains a liquid, the ______ ____, and the pupil

POSTERIOR CHAMBER

It is posterior to the _____, also contains aqueous humor, and surrounds the ____

VITREOUS BODY

This is behind the ____ forming the majority of the organ; it is filled with the gelatinous ______ ____

A

Aqueous Humor

Iris
Lens

Lens
Vitreous Humor

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8
Q

THE EYE

INTRAOCULAR MUSCLES

The _____ muscles control the thickness of the lens via the ________ ligaments and hence its refractory power

The dilator and sphincter pupillae muscles control the ______ of _____ _____ the pupil

The ciliary muscles and sphincter pupillae are under _________ nervous control by cranial nerve ____ via the ciliary ______, while the dilator pupillae is under ______ nervous control

A

Ciliary
Suspensory

Amount
Light Entering

Parasympathetic
III
Ganglion
Sympathetic

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9
Q

THE EYE EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES

There are 6 extraocular muscles that control eye _____

In addition there is the _____ ____ ____ muscle to the upper eye lid

Most of these muscles originate from a fibrous ring around the _____ ____

______________

A) THE RECTAE

There are 4 rectus muscles distributed equally around the eye.

They are the ____, ______, ____ and _____ ______

They all arise from the ____ ____

_______________

B) THE OBLIQUES

The superior oblique muscle is peculiar, it originates from the _____ _____ and runs through the _____ and goes to the back of the ____ ____ of the eye ball

The inferior oblique originates near the _____ of the _____ of the ____ and runs under the eye to insert on its _____ ______

A

Movement

Levator Palpebrae Superioris

Optic Nerve

______________

Superior
Inferior
Medial
Lateral
Recti

Fibrous Ring

______________

Fibrous Ring
Pulley
Lateral Part

Middle
Floor
Orbit
Lateral Underside

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10
Q

MOVEMENT OF THE EYEBALL BY MUSCLE

Superior Rectus - ______

Inferior Rectus - _____

Medial Rectus - ______

Lateral Rectus - ______

Superior Oblique - _____ and _____

Inferior Oblique - _______ and _____

A

Elevation

Depression

In(adduction)

Out(abduction)

Abduction
Depression

Abduction
Elevation

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11
Q

EYE INNERVATION

The somatic innervation from the oculomotor nerve (CN III) supplies all the _____ muscles except the _____ ____ and _____ _____

These muscles are are supplied by CN __ and CN __, respectively (Remember LR6SO4)

The autonomic innervation to this organ consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic components

The sympathetic preganglionic axons leave the spinal cord at ___, travels up the sympathetic trunk and synapse in the _____ ____ ganglion

The postganglionic fibres then travel with the _____ ____ artery to eventually reach their target muscles. Interruption in this pathway leads to ____ (drooping of eyelid) and permanently ______ pupil

_____________

the parasympathetic pathways innervate the ____ ____ and the _____ ____ of the eye

Preganglionic nerve fibres from the facial nerve (CN ___) synapse in the ______ ______ and travel to the ____ ____

Activation of this pathway leads to contraction of the _____ ____ of the lacrimal gland producing ____

The oculomotor nerve (CN __) sends preganglionic fibres to the ciliary ganglion, which is direclty posterior to the ____

A subset of postganglionic axons then travel to the sphincter pupilla, while the remaining travel to the ____ ___ of the lens

A

Orbital
Lateral Rectus
Superior Oblique

VI
IV

T1
Superior Cervical

Internal Carotid
Ptosis
Constricted

___________

Lacrimal Gland
Interior Surface

Pterygopalatine Ganglion
Lacrimal Gland

Smooth Muscle
Tears

III
Eyeball
Ciliary Muscle

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12
Q

EYE

LACRIMAL APPARATUS

The inside of the eyelids is covered by a continuous membrane, the ______, which blends into the ___

The eyelids have a thick fascial core, the _____ ____ and of course, an opening, the ______ _____

_______________

The lacrimal glands are situated at the _____, ____ ____, their ducts entering the ______ sacs

The tears migrate medially into the _____ ___ via the _____ _____

A

Conjunctiva
Cornea

Tarsal Plates
Palpebral Fissure

__________

Upper
Outer
Orbit
Conjunctival

Lacrimal Duct
Lacrimal Punctum

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13
Q

PHARYNX

It is a muscular tube that hangs down from the base of the ______ bone in front of the cervical vertebrae

It is continous inferiorly with the _____

It consists of 3 layers: the ______ _____, the _____ ____ tissue and the _____ ____ layer

It communicates anteriorly with the _____ cavity, ____ and ____

Can thus be divided into 3 coressponding regions

A

Occipital

Esophagus

Inner Mucosa
Middle Fibrous
Outer Muscular

Nasal
Mouth
Larynx

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14
Q

PHARYNX

NASOPHARYNX

It is about __ cm long and opens anteriorly into the ___ ___ via the ____

It communicates with the ____ ear by means of the _____ (or Eustachian) tube, whose opening is on the side wall of the _____

A

5
Nasal Cavity
Choanae

Middle
Tympanic
Pharynx

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15
Q

PHARYNX

OROPHARYNX

This area extends from the ____ ___ down to the ____ bone

It is connected to the ____ through the ____; this is the arch connecting the mouth to the ____

A

Soft Palate
Hyoid

Mouth
Fauces
Pharynx

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16
Q

PHARYNX

LARYNGOPHARYNX

This extends from the ____ bone to the _____

The opening to the larynx is located in the wall of the _______ _______

This entrance is protected by the ______

A

Hyoid
Esophagus

Proximal Laryngopharynx

Epiglottis

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17
Q

LYMPHOID TISSUE (TONSILS)

There are 3 sets of tonsils encircling the openings of the ____ and ____

They form the primary defense mechanism against infection at the entrance to the ___ ____

There are 3 types of tonsils

A

Mouth
Nose

GI Tract

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18
Q

TONSILS

PHARYNGEAL TONSIL

Is a single entity and is located at the _____ ____ of the ____ of the _____

A

Posterior Wall
Top
Pharynx

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19
Q

TONSILS

PALATINE TONSILS

These are paired and sit in a depression at the ____ of the ____, with one on ____ ___

They are ____ and have an upper and lower ___

They rest on an extremely thick, fibrous base

They are ____ _____ surgically

A

Base
Fauces
Each Side

Oval
Pole

Easily Removed

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20
Q

TONSILS

LINGUAL TONSILS

Are small clusters of _____ ____ found on the ____ ____ of the tongue

A

Lymphoid Tissue

Posterior Part

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21
Q

AUDITORY (EUSTACHIAN) TUBE

It connects the _______ to the ____ ____ and allows for infection to spread into the middle ear

The tube originates on the ____ ____ of the pharynx and terminates on the ____ ____ of the ____ ____

It is therefore part of the ______ temporal bone

Also, it is lined by _____ and its medial 2/3 are supported by _______

A

Nasopharynx
Middle Ear

Lateral Wall
Medial Wall
Middle Ear

Petrous

Mucosa
Cartilage

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22
Q

MOUTH

It is divided into 2 parts by the teeth

VESTIBULE

This is located between the _____ and ____

It is lined by a _____ _____ and contains the opening of the ____ of the _____ ___ opposite the ______ ____ molar

__________

ORAL CAVITY - THE MOUTH PROPER

This cavity contains the ____

It has a ____ (the palates), a ____ (beneath the tongue) and 2 ____ (the teeth)

The roof is made up of the ____ and _____ _____

The hard palate is made up of the _____ ____ of the ____ and the 2 _____ ____

The musculofibrous soft palate is _____ to it and features the non-functional _____, hanging from its _____ ____

The floor of the mouth is lined with ____ and contains ____ to 2 of the _____ ____

A

Lips
Teeth

Mucous Membrane
Duct
Parotid Gland
Upper Second

_____________

Tongue

Roof
Floor
Walls

Hard
Soft Palates

Palatine Process
Maxilla
Palatine Bones

Posterior
Uvula
Posterior Border

Mucosa
Ducts
Salivary Glands

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23
Q

MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE

The tongue is a muscular organ with a specialized mucosa containing the ____ ____

The musculature may be divided into 2 groups

INTRINSIC MUSCLES

These make up the body of the _______

They consist of 3 groups of fibers: _____, _____ and ______

All 3 groups ______ with one another

They are responsible for altering the _____ of the tongue

A

Taste Buds

Tongue

Vertical
Longitudinal
Transverse

Intertwine

Shape

24
Q

EXTRINSIC MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE

There are 4 extrinsic muscles

GENIOGLOSSUS

This muscle ____ the tongue _____

It originates from the ______ ____ on the inside of the ____ and fans out to insert on the ____ of the ____

_______________

HYOGLOSSUS

It originates on the ___ bone

It is paired, with each individual muscle inserting on one side of the tongue.

It ______ the tongue _____

_______________

STYLOGLOSSUS

This muscle originates on the _____ ____ and inserts onto the side of the ______

It functions to ______ and ____ the tongue

___________________

PALATOGLOSSUS

It runs from the side of the ____ to enter the ____

It also _____ the tongue

A

Pulls
Forward

Genial Tubercle
Mandible
Base
Tongue

______________

Hyoid

Depresses
Laterally

__________

Styloid Process
Tongue

Elevate
Retract

______________

Palate
Tongue

Elevates

25
Q

SURFACE OF THE TONGUE

It is covered with a unique mucosa which contains many ____ ____, the _____

Most of the papillae are concentrated on the ____ and the ___ of the tongue

The underside is _____ and is _____ to the floor of the mouth by the ____-___ _____ ____

2/3 back from the tip of the tongue is a V-shaped groove, the _____ ____

This separates the tongue into an _______ 2/3 and a ______ 1/3

This distinction is important in understanding the _____ _____

A

Specialized Processes
Papillae

Top
Side

Smoother
Tethered
Mid-Line
Lingual Frenulum

Sulcus Terminalis

Anterior
Posterior

Organ’s Innervation

26
Q

INNERVATION OF THE TONGUE

MOTOR - all the muscles are innervated by the _______ nerve (CN ___) except _______, which is innervated by the ____ (CN _)

SENSORY - to the anterior 2/3 of tongue there is CN __ innervation for general sensation and CN __ innervation for ____

On the posterior 1/3 of tongue is CN __ relays both _____ _____ and ____

A 
Hypoglossal
XII
Palatoglossus
Vagus
X

V3
VII
Taste

IX
General Sensation
Taste

27
Q

THE SALIVARY GLANDS

There are 3 pairs of salivary glands which secrete directly into the mouth to ____ and ____ food

PAROTID GLAND

This gland is located in ____ of the ____, for that is is what the word ‘parotid’ means

Its ducts empties into the _____ ____ the ____ ____ ____

It secrets mostly a ____ _____

It is innervated by CN __

A

Moisten
Digest

Front
Ear

Mouth
Opposite
Upper Second Molar

Serous Liquid

IX

28
Q

SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND

It rests around the ____ of the ____

Its duct runs forward ____ the ____ and its opening is close to the ____ of the _____

It secretes a mixed ____ and _____ ____

It is innervated by CN ___

A

Angle
Jaw

Under
Tongue
Base
Frenulum

Serous
Mucous
Fluid

VII

29
Q

SUBLINGUAL GLANDS

These small glands sit on the ____ of ___ ___ of the ____, ____ to the duct of the ________ ____

The multiple ducts from this gland empty, by of a series of small openings, into the ____ of the ____ or they may ____ ___ the ______ ____

This gland is innervated by by CN ___ as well

A 
Floor
Each Side
Mouth
Lateral
Submandibular Gland

Floor
Mouth
Open Into
Submandibular ducts

VII

30
Q

TEETH

Each half jaw contains: 2 ____, 1 ___, 2 ____ and 3 ___

The upper jaw and teeth are innervated by the _____ ____ component of the _____ nerve (CN __)

The lower jaw and teeth are innervated by the _____ ____ component of the _____ nerve (CN __)

A

Incisors
Canine
Premolars
Molars

Maxillary Nerve
Trigeminal
V2

Mandibular Nerve
Trigeminal
V3

31
Q

LARYNX

INTRO

It connects the ______ with the _____

It is thus part of the _____

It is protected ______ by the ______, which prevents food from entering the ____ by ____ the ____

It is situated ___ the _____ bone, has a cartilaginous skeleton and has the _____ ___ attached to it

It is lined by ____ ____ and is the ____ of _____

A

Oropharynx
Trachea

Airway

Proximally
Epiglottus
Airway
Covering
Entrance

Below
Hyoid
Thyroid Gland

Mucous Membrane
Organ
Phonation

32
Q

LARYNX

SKELETON

It has external and internal skeleton

EXTERNAL SKELETON

i) THYROID CARTILAGE

This is the ______ cartilage

It is shaped like a ____ and made of _____ ____

The shield has an ____ ____ where the 2 sides meet forming the ____ ____

Each side of the thyroid cartilage has a prominent _____ and ____ ____

The ____ ___ articulates with the ____ bone and the _____ ____ with the ____ cartilage

__________

ii) CRICOID CARTILAGE

This cartilage is shaped like a ____ ___ and is ____ ____

Between the ____ and ____ _____ anteriorly is the strong _______ ligament

A

Largest

Shield
Hyaline Cartilage

Anterior Prominence
Adam’s Apple

Superior
Inferior
Horn

Superior Horn
Hyoid
Inferior Horn
Cricoid

____________

Signet Ring
Wide Posteriorly

Thyroid
Cricoid Structures
Cricothyroid

33
Q

LARYNX

INTERNAL SKELETON

i) ARYTENOIDS

These paired, _____ structures articulate with the ____ of the _____ cartilage

They are controlled by muscles that cause them to ____ ____

Their _____ ____ are called the _____ _____

The vocal cords attach to the ____ ___

Postero-laterally, we find a _____ _____

_____________

ii) EPIGLOTTAL CARTILAGE

The cartilage is of the ____ type

It is roughly _____-shaped and is attached to the ____ of the ___ of the ____ cartilage

The epiglottis is lined with ______ _____ on its _____

When swallowing, the ____ ____ ____ and the epiglottis ____ to close off the _____ ____

A

Pyramidal
Back
Cricoid

Rotate Horizontally

Anterior Processes
Vocal Processes

Vocal Processes

Muscular Process

____________

Elastic

Racket
Inside
Front
Thyroid

Respiratory Epithelium
Underside

Thyroid Cartilage Raises
Drops
Laryngeal Opening

34
Q

LARYNX MEMBRANES

A) QUADRANGULAR MEMBRANE

This is the _____ membrane, _____ attached to the _____ of the ______ and the _____ and _____ attached to the _____

It has a lower free border, known as the _____ ____ ____

_______________

B) TRIANGULAR MEMBRANE

This is the ____ membrane, also called the _____ ____

Its lower border is attached to the ____ ____

Its upper border is free, forming the ____ ____

It is also ligamentous and attaches to the _____ ___ and to the ____ of the _____ ____

It is also called the ________ ______

A 
Upper
Anteriorly
Sides
Epiglottis
Thyroid
Posteriorly
Arytenoids

False Vocal Cords

_____________

Lower
Conus Elasticus

Cricoid Cartilage

Vocal Cords

Vocal Processes
Inside
Thyroid Cartilage

Cricothyroid Ligament

35
Q

LARYNX

RIMA GLOTTIDIS

It is the _____ between the ____ ____

The muscles acting on the _____, ____ and ____ ___ change both the _____ of the ______ and the ____ on the ____ ___

A

Aperture
Vocal Folds

Arytenoid
Cricoid
Thyroid Cartilage
Width
Opening
Tension
Vocal Cords
36
Q

LARYNX

MUSCLES

There are many muscles controlling the larynx, the largest is the ______

A

Cricothyroid

37
Q

LARYNX

NERVES

MOTOR INNERVATION

The _____ ____ nerves, which branches from the ____ nerve innervate all muscles except the ______, which is served by the ______ ____ nerve, which is also a branch of the ____

SENSORY INNERVATION

Above the vocal cords sensory information is carried by the _____ ____ nerves, while below, it is carried by the _____ ____ nerves

A 
Recurrent Laryngeal
Vagus
Cricothyroid
External Laryngeal
Vagus

Superior Laryngeal
Recurrent Laryngeal

38
Q

TEMPORALMANDIBULAR JOINT

MOVEMENTS

This joint allows for ____ and ____ of the ____ and limited ___ to ____ movement

It is a ______ joint with a ___ to facilitate ____ ____

____________

BONES

The ______ (the head) of the jaw articulates with the ________ ____ in the ____ of the _____ ____

The back of the ____ is ____, but _______ the joint surface is _____, so that as the jaw moves forward there is some ______ ______

A 
Opening
Closing
Mouth
Side
Side

Synovial
Disc
Complex Movement

_______________

Condyle
Mandibular Fossa
Base
Temporal Bone

Socket
Concave
Anteriorly 
Convex
Physiological Dislocation
39
Q

MUSCLES OF THE NECK

The neck is divided into the _____ and ______ triangles by the ________ ____

This muscle originates on the _____ and the ____ ___ of the ____

It runs up and back to insert on the ______ _____ of the _____ bone

It turns the head to the _____ ____ and is innervated by the ______ ______ nerve (CN __)

__________________

In the posterior triangle we find the 3 _______ _____, which are labeled as the _____, ____ and _____ divisions

All of these muscles arise from the ______ ____ of the _____ to _____ cervical vertebrae

The anterior division inserts on the ____ ____ of the ____ ___

______________

The middle division inserts behind it and the ______ ____ passes between the 2 ______

The posterior division inserts onto the ____ ____

Together they ____ the _____ ___ as secondary muscles of ______ and they are innervated by small twigs from the cervical nerves

A

Anterior
Posterior
Sternomastoid Muscle

Manubrium
Medial End
Clavicle

Mastoid Process
Temporal

Opposite Side
Spinal Accessory
XI

__________

Scalene Muscles
Anterior
Middle
Posterior
Divisions

Transverse Processes
Middle
Lower

Scalene Tubercle
First Rib

___________

Subclavian Artery
Insertions

Second Rib

Raise
Thoracic Cage
Respiration

40
Q

MUSCLES OF THE MOUTH

A) MUSCLES OF THE FLOOR OF THE MOUTH

MYLOHYOID

This muscle makes up the ____ of the mouth

It originates on the _____ of the ____ and inserts on the ____ bone and upon its opposite partner by means of a _____

It ______ the hyoid bone and is innervated by the ______ nerve (CN _)

_________________

DIGASTRIC

It has 2 _____, an ______ and a ____ belly

The central tendon goes through a ______ ___ situated on the top of the ____

The posterior belly runs down from the _____ ____ and the anterior belly runs up to the side of the _____ ____

It helps ____ the ____ and _____ the ____

The anterior belly is innervated by the ______ nerve and the posterior belly by the _____ nerve

_______________

STYLOHYOID

It originates from the _____ ___ and inserts on the ____ of the ____ bone

It _____ the bone and is supplied by the ______ nerve (CN __)

A

Floor

Inside
Mandible
Hyoid
Raphe

Elevates
Mandibular
V

_______________

Bellies
Anterior
Posterior

Tendinous Loop
Hyoid

Mastoid Process
Genial Tubercle

Depress
Mouth
Elevates
Hyoid

Mandibular
Facial

_____________

Styloid Process
Body
Hyoid

Elevates
Facial
VII

41
Q

MUSCLES OF THE MOUTH

B) MUSCLES OF MASTICATION

TEMPORALIS

This is a large fan-shaped muscle occupying the _____ ____

Its fibers pass through the _____ ____ and insert on the ____ ____ of the _____

Its function is to ____ the mouth and it is innervated by the _______ nerve (CN __), as are all other muscles of mastication

__________

MASSETER

It originates on the _____ ___ and inserts onto the _____ of the angle of ______

Like temporalis, it is relatively _____

_________

MEDIAL PTERYGOID

Originates from the _____ of the _____ _____ _____

It attaches ____ to the angle of the jaw

It ____ the mouth as well

LATERAL PTERYGOID

It arises from the ____ ___ and _____ ___ ___ plate of the sphenoid bone

It passes straight back and inserts on the ____ of the _____ ____

When contracted, it causes ______ of the jaw

A

Temporal Fossa

Zygomatic Arch
Coronoid Process
Mandible

Close
Mandibular
V3

__________

Zygomatic Arch
Outside
Mandible

Powerful

__________

Inside
Lateral Pterygoid Plate

Deep

Closes

Greater Wing
Outer Lateral Pterygoid

Neck
Mandibular Condyle

Protrusion

42
Q

MUSCLES OF THE PHARYNX

These are the _____ ____, divided into _____, ____ and ____ sections

They overlap one another and attach ______ by way of the pharyngeal raphe

The superior constrictor originates from the _____ _____ ____ and the pterygomandibular raphe, which is also the origin of the ________

The middle constrictor comes from the ______ ligament and the ____ ____

The inferior constrictor originates from the _____ and _____ cartilages

The nerve supply to all the constrictors is the ____ nerve (CN _)

A

Pharyngeal Constrictors
Upper
Middle
Lower

Posteriorly

Medial Pterygoid Plate
Buccinator

Stylohyoid
Hyoid Bone

Thyroid
Cricoid

Vagus
X

43
Q

MUSCLES OF THE FACE

There are many muscles for the various regions of the face, all innervated by the _____ nerve

Only 3 of these muscles will be described as they are the most important

A) ORBICULARIS ORIS

This ______ muscle orbits the mouth. Its function is to _____ the ____

B) ORBICULARIS OCCULI

This muscle surrounds the orbit. It ____ the ____ when contracted

C) BUCCINATOR

This is the _____ muscle of the cheek

It originates from the _______ ____ and the _____ and it inserts onto the ____ of the ____

It helps the muscles of _____ by moving the food around in the mouth

A

Facial

Circular
Protrude
Lips

Closes
Eyes

Principle

Pterygomandibular Raphe
Mandible
Corner
Mouth

Mastication

44
Q

MUSCLES OF THE SCALP

The frontalis and occipitalis muscles insert into the ______-____ ______, a thick layer of fascia crossing the head

The frontalis originates from the ____ and the occipitalis from the ____ ___

Both muscles are innervated by the _____ nerve (CN __)

The layers of the scalp, spell ‘scalp’

SKIN
CONNECTIVE TISUE
APONEUROSIS
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
PERIOSTEM
A

Fronto-Occipital Aponeurosis

Eyebrows
Occipital Bone

Facial
VII

45
Q

NOSE

INTRO

Organ of ____ and forms the ____ ____ of the airway

It also serves to ___ the air entering the pulmonary system

Nose has 2 parts, external and internal

____________

EXTERNAL NOSE

The skeleton is made up of ____ ____ bones and 2 sets of ______ _____

The septal cartilage forms the ______ ____ of the _____

It unites _____ with the _____ ___

The septal cartilage has 2 _____ ____ which attach to the nasal bones on the ____ of the nose

Distal to lateral plates are the 2 _____ _____

The rest of the structure of the nostril is _____ ____

A

Smell
Upper Portion

Warm

____________

Paired Nasal
Hyaline Cartilages

Interior Part
Septum

Posteriorly
Bony Septum

Lateral Plates
Outside

Alar Cartilages

Fibroareolar Tissue

46
Q

INTERNAL NOSE

The skeleton of the internal nose links the external nose to the ____, which themselves connect with the _____

Most of the internal nose is made up of the _____, ____, _____ and ____ bones

The nasal septum comprises the _____ ____, the _____ ___ of the ethmoid bone and the ____

The roof is made of the _____ _____ and the underside of the body of the ____ bone

_______________

The lateral walls comprise a series of _____, a ____ and 3 ___

The 3 Conchae are the ____, ____ and _____ conchae

The upper 2 are part of the _____ bone and the ______ _____ are individual bones

Above the superior conchae is the _____-_____ ___ which contains the _____ ____ in its roof

Below the 3 Conchae are the ____, ____ and _____ _____

The air sinuses drain into the ____ and the ____ and the ______ ____ drain into the inferior meatus

A

Choanae
Nasopharynx

Ethmoid
Vomer
Sphenoid
Palatine

Septal Cartilage
Vertical Plate
Vomer

Cribriform Plate
Sphenoid

_____________

Conchae
Recess
Meatuses

Ethmoid
Inferior Conchae

Spheno-Ethmoidal Recess
Olfactory Mucosa

Superior
Middle
Inferior
Meatuses

Recess
Meatuses
Nasolacrimal Duct

47
Q

THE PARANASAL AIR SINUSES

These are lined spaces inside the ____, _____, _____ and ____ bones

They have ducts which empty into the ____ ____

______________

MAXILLARY SINUS

This is a large space in the maxilla making it essentially a ____ ____

The duct drains into the ____ ____

Its opening, the _____ is high on the ___ ____

__________________

ETHMOID SINUSES

These are a series of small air-lined pockets in the _____ ____ of the _____ ____

They are easily easily seen in the ___ ___ of the ___

The anterior group drains into the ____ ___ and the posterior group drains into the ____ ____

_____________

FRONTAL SINUSES

these large spaces are found above the margin of the orbit and their long ducts drain into the ____ ____

SPHENOIDAL SINUSES

These are 2 spaces in the body of the sphenoid bone, one on each side. They drain into the ____-____ ____

A

Frontal
Maxillary
Ethmoid
Sphenoid

Nasal Cavity

________________

Hollow Bone

Middle Meatus

Ostium
Medial Wall

____________

Lateral Wall
Ethmoid Bone

Medial Wall
Orbit

Middle Meatus
Superior Meatus

___________

Middle Meatus

Spheno-Ethmoidal Recess

48
Q

THE EAR

May be divided into the external, middle and internal ear

EXTERNAL EAR

It leads, by way of the _____ ____ _____, from the ____ to the ____ ____

The auricle is made up of ____ _____

The ____ 1/3 of the canal is ______ and the medial 2/3 are ____

The outer part has hair, ______ ____ and ____ ___

The distal end of the canal is blocked by the _____ ____ ____ known commonly as the ear drum

A

External Acoustic Canal
Auricle
Tympanic membrane

Elastic Cartilage

Lateral Cartilaginous
Bony

Sebaceous Glands
Ceruminous Glands

Bilaminar Tympanic Membrane

49
Q

MIDDLE EAR

Is a ____ in the ____ bone

It contains the ____, the ____ to the ____ ____, a connection with the mastoid air cells and the ____ and ____ _____

OSSICLES

The ____, ____ and ____ bones connect the tympanic membrane, via _____ ____, to the oval window and its membrane, and thus ____ ___ ___ from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear

A

Chamber
Temporal

Ossicles
Entrance
Auditory Tube
Round
Oval
Windows
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Synovial Joints
Transmit Sound Waves
50
Q

INTERNAL EAR

Is hollowed from the bone, forming what is known as a ____ _____

It contains a series of membranous sacs, the _______ _____

A fluid, the _____ fills the membranous labyrinth while another fluid, the _____ surrounds that and fills the bony labyrinth

The sense organ of hearing, the ____, fills part of the inner ear, while the organs of balance, the ______ _____, fill the remainder of the space, sound waves emanate from the end of the ____, travel up to the cochlea and back to the round window

The vestibular and cochlear components of CN ___ travel to the brain via the ____ ____ ____

A

Bony Labyrinth

Membranous Labyrinth

Endolymph
Perilymph

Hearing
Vestibular Apparatus
Stapes

VIII
Internal Acoustic Meatus

51
Q

VASCULATURE OF THE HEAD AND NECK

ARTERIAL SUPPLY

A) CAROTID ARTERIES

The ____ ____ ____ ascends in the neck in the _____ ____ along with the internal jugular vein and ____ nerve

The common carotid bifurcates into the ____ and _____ _____ arteries

The bifurcation is at the same level as the top of the _____ _____

____________

i) EXTERNAL CAROTID

This artery supplies the ___ and ____

Its branches are:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_

ii) INTERNAL CAROTID

This vessel enters the skull through the ____ ___ and makes several sharp turns, known as the _____ ____, before supplying the ____

The carotid siphon sits on either side of the _____ ___ and its distal end runs through the _____ _____

A

Common Carotid Artery
Carotid Sheath
Vagus

Internal
External
Carotid

Thyroid Cartilage

____________

Face
Neck

Superior Thyroid
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posterior Auricular
Maxillary
Superficial Temporal

Carotid Canal
Carotid Siphon
Brain

Pituitary Gland
Cavernous Sinus

52
Q

VASCULATURE OF THE HEAD AND NECK

ARTERIAL SUPPLY

b) VERTEBRAL ARTERIES

The paired vertebral arteries run up the _____ ____ in the _____ ____ and enters the skull via the foramen magnum

They give off branches in the ___

A

Transverse Foramina
Cervical Vertebrae

Neck

53
Q

VENOUS DRAINAGE

A) FROM THE BRAIN

The drainage of blood and CSF from the brain is done mainly by the _____ ____ ____

The all eventually drain into the _____ _____ ____ as it leaves the jugular foramen

The sinuses are the:
____ ____ ___

____ ____ AND ____ ______

_____ ____

_____ ____

____ ____

____ AND _____ _____ _____

The superior sagittal meets the straight sinus in the confluence at the ____ of the ____ bone

The transverse sinuses take the blood and CSF _____ to the ____ ____ which empty into the internal jugular veins

The cavernous sinus empties into the ____ and ____ petrosal sinuses

The inferior petrosal sinus goes directly into the _____ and the superior drains into the proximal ____ sinus

A

Dural Venous Sinuses

Internal Jugular Vein

Superior Sagittal Sinus
Inferior Sagittal AND Straight Sinuses
Transverse Sinus
Sigmoid Sinus
Cavernous Sinus
Superior AND Inferior Petrosal Sinuses

Center
Occipital

Laterally
Sigmoid Sinuses

Superior
Inferior

Jugular
Sigmoid

54
Q

VENOUS DRAINAGE

B) FROM THE FACE

The veins from the face form a ‘W’. The _______ ___ bifurcates to drain into the internal and external ____ ____

The facial vein empties into the ______ _____ ____

_____ ____ ___ drains into the external jugular vein

A

Retromandibular Vein
Jugular Veins

Internal Jugular Vein

Posterior Auricular Vein

55
Q

INNERVATION OF THE HEAD AND NECK

SENSORY INNERVATION

The 3 sensory branches of the trigeminal nerve all receive information from the ____

The _____ ____ (CN V1) is sensory to the ____, the _____ branch (CN V2) supplies the ____, ___ and ____, the ______ branch (CN V3) serves the ____ of the jaw and lateral cheek

The anterior cheek and the area posterior to the ear are innervated by C__-__ and the side and back of the head are innervated by branches from C__-___

MOTOR INNERVATION

The muscles of the face are innervated by the ______ nerve (CN VII)

It sends out a series of branches from the area of the ____ ____

A

Face

Opthalmic Branch
Forehead
Maxillary
Nose
Cheek
Temple
Mandibular
Skin

2
3
2
5

Facial

Parotid Gland

anat 316_ (4 decks)

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