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Vet Nursing > Basic Animal Care (1st) > Flashcards

Basic Animal Care (1st) Flashcards

All information that was taught to me while attending Vanier College's "Animal Health Technology" Program, located in St-Laurent Montreal.

1
Q

What are the roles of a AHT with farm animals?

A

Preventative medicine assistanceData entry Embryonic transferManagement, inventory & orders etc

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2
Q

What are the dangers associate with handling bovines ?

A

Being bumped, kicked, tail whipped

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3
Q

What are the dangers associated with handling sheep?

A

They are timid and they head butt

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4
Q

What are the behavior traits of goats ?

A

Goats are inquisitive, more independent

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5
Q

Which ruminant has a strong herding instinct ?

A

Bovine

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6
Q

What are the names of cows in English?

A

Cow, heifer , bull , steer

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7
Q

What are the names of cows in French?

A

Vache, genisse, taureau, bouvillon

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8
Q

How many different breeds of cows are there and how many years ago were cows domesticated ?

A

920 breeds of cows and they were domesticated 5000 years ago

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9
Q

What is the scientific name for a cow?

A

A bos Taurus

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10
Q

What is the lifespan of cattle and when are dairy cattle often culled by?

A

25 years and dairy cattle are often culled by 4-6

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11
Q

What methods of restraint can you use on a bovine?

A

Halter, ropes, nose thongs and chemical

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12
Q

What are the names of the four compartments of a cows stomach?

A

Rumen RectictulumOmasumAbomasum

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13
Q

What type of hooves do a cow have and what advantage does it give on land?

A

Cloven hoofs and it is able to run faster on land because their toes spread and therefor do not sink as deep

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14
Q

What is the first part of the life cycle of a dairy cow and when is it?

A

1-3 days. Is fed colostrum and then removed and nipple fed.

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15
Q

What are bull calves used for?

A

For veal

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16
Q

What are heifers used for?

A

Kept to become replacement heifer for the herd

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17
Q

What is the second part in the life cycle of a dairy cow and when is it?

A

From 3 days - 2/3 months. Fed whole milk and gradually introduced to roughage

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18
Q

What is the third step in the life cycle of a dairy cow and when is it?

A

From 2 mth to 15-18mths. Fed hay, on pasture

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19
Q

What is the fourth step in the life cycle of a dairy cow and when is it?

A

15-18 months. First breeding- estrous cycles every 21 days

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20
Q

How long is the gestation period of a cow?

A

9 months and 1 week

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21
Q

What is the fifth step in the life cycle of a dairy cow and when is it?

A

18-27 months. Pregnancy and continued growth.

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22
Q

What is the sixth step in the life cycle of a dairy cow and when is it?

A

27 months. Parturition (birth) onset of lactation and milking

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23
Q

What is the seventh step in the life cycle of a dairy cow and when is it?

A

25-40 months. First lactation cycle

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24
Q

Describe the lactation cycle of a cow

A
  1. 1-3 days colostrumFirst milk, antibody rich. Calf receives passive immunity2. 6 weeks peek lactation
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25
Q

How many liters of milk a day can a cow produce during peek lactation ?

A

60-100 liters a day

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26
Q

What stage in the lactation cycle is a cow most vulnerable to a disease at? Why are they vulnerable?

A

6 weeks or peek lactation. A cow cannot consume enough food to meet milk production. Will take from body stores of fat and muscle. Makes her prone to diseases such as milk fever or ketosis

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27
Q

When is a cow bred again for a second pregnancy ?

A

2-10 months.

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28
Q

How long is the dry period and when does it happen?

A

2 months before next calving

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29
Q

How often should a cow calve?

A

Every 12-18 months

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30
Q

List common medical conditions of cows

A

Mastitis - inflamed mammary gland due to infection (udders)BloatingMilk fever - hypocalcemia - low blood calcium Ketosis - metabolic disorder

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31
Q

How long are beef cattle on the feedlot?

A

6-12 months

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32
Q

What are some frequent procedures done to cattle ?

A

Preventative medicineDehorningVaccinationDewormingHoof careCalvingEmbryonic transfer

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33
Q

What are male pigs called in English and French?

A

Boat , verrat

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34
Q

What are female pigs called in English and French?

A

Sow , truie

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35
Q

How long is a pigs estrous?

A

21 days

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36
Q

How long is the gestation period of a pig?

A

3 months 3 weeks 3 days - 117 days

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37
Q

How big is their litters?

A

8-12

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38
Q

What is the first stage in the life cycle of a pig? And when is it?

A

Weaned - 3 weeks

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39
Q

What is the second stage in the life cycle of a pig? And when is it?

A

Grower - 1-4 months

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40
Q

What is the third stage in the life cycle of a pig and when is it?

A

Finisher - 5-6 months

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41
Q

When is a pigs first estrus?

A

Around 6 months if exposed daily to the boar. Otherwise 8 months

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42
Q

How many litters per year is a pig expected to have?

A

2.5 litters per year

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43
Q

What is a pig fed from 0-3 weeks?

A

Sows milk + creep feed ➡️ starter diet

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44
Q

What is a pig fed from 3-5 weeks?and when are they expected to hit market weight ?

A

Weaned diet ➡️ grower ration ➡️ finishing ration and market by 6 months

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45
Q

What is the meat variety of poultry referred to? And when do they go to market ?

A

Broiler and 6-7 weeks when they are 4lbs

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46
Q

What is the egg laying type of poultry called?

A

Layers

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47
Q

How many eggs can a layer lay a year?

A

240-270 eggs/year

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48
Q

What is a mature male chicken called ?

A

Rooster , cock , roo

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49
Q

What is a mature female chicken called ?

A

Hen

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50
Q

What is a newly hatched chicken called ?

A

A chick

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51
Q

What is an immature male chicken called ?

A

A cockerel

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52
Q

What is an immature female chicken called ?

A

Pullet

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53
Q

How many varieties of chicken are there and how many years ago were they domesticated ?

A

150 varieties and they were domesticated 8000 years ago

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54
Q

How long is the life expectancy of a hen?

A

A hen can live up to 20 years but normally lives 10.

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55
Q

What do egg manufacturers do to check the egg for imperfections?

A

Candle the egg

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56
Q

How long have turkey’s been around?

A

10 million years ago

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57
Q

Why can’t domestic turkeys fly?

A

They usually weigh too much to be able to fly

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58
Q

What is a male turkey called?

A

Tom, gobbler

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59
Q

What is a female turkey called?

A

Hen

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60
Q

What is a baby turkey called ?

A

Poult or chick

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61
Q

What is a young male turkey called ?

A

Jake

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62
Q

What is a young female turkey called ?

A

Jenny

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63
Q

What is a group of turkey’s called ?

A

A flock

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64
Q

What are frequent procedures on a turkey ?

A

Vaccinations , coccidiosis prevention, beak trim , necropsy

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65
Q

What are the four things key to the well being of farm animals?

A
  1. Reproductive and productive performance 2. Pathological and immunological traits 3. Physiological and biochemical characteristics4. Behavioral patterns
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66
Q

What are the five basic freedoms a farm animal needs?

A
  1. To get up2. To lie down 3. To groom normally4. To turn around5. To stretch its limbs
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67
Q

Why study reptiles and amphibians?

A

Have increased popularity as petsHave a biology that differs significantly from mammalsVets are not taught much about exotics in school

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68
Q

What are Herps?

A

Collective term for reptile and amphibians

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69
Q

What are some features of an amphibian

A

Moist, permeable, glandular skinNon-amniotic eggsEctothermic (most are heterothermic)

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70
Q

What are the three orders of the class amphibia, and how many species does each order have

A

Anura (5000+ species) frogs etcCaudata (500 species) salamanders Gymnophiona (<200 species) caecilians

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71
Q

What are some features of a reptile

A

Non-permeable, non-glandular skin Amniotic eggsMostly oviparousMostly ectothermic and heterothermic

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72
Q

What are the four orders of reptiles and how many species do they contain

A

Testudines (<7000 species) snakes/lizardsCrocodilia (23 species) crocodiles

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73
Q

In reptiles and amphibians what are we dealing with? Species or breeds?

A

Species

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74
Q

What is thermophysiology

A

How body temperature is maintained

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75
Q

What are some advantages to ectothermy

A

Lower energy needs (eat less)Tolerate cooling better (night, seasonal, brumation)

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76
Q

What is the disadvantage of ectothermy

A

Activity limited by environmental temperature

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77
Q

How do Herps maintain their preferred body temperature

A

Behavioral thermoregulationPhysiological thermoregulation

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78
Q

What is an integument

A

The covering or outside of an organism, like skinUnique in reptiles and amphibians

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79
Q

What is dysecdysis

A

Retained eye spectacles Constricted toes, spines, tail tips

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80
Q

What is dysecdysis caused by

A

Inadequate environmental humidityMalnutrition and dehydrationParasitism

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81
Q

What can thermoreceptive organs do:

A

Can “see” heat

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82
Q

What are boids

A

Labial heat pads

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83
Q

What are crotalines

A

Paired rostral heat pits

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84
Q

What is dropping their tails done for

A

Defense

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85
Q

What must a Herps captive environment do

A

Fulfill all physiological and psychological needs Be based on natural habitatOmit natural dangersBe easy to access and maintain

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86
Q

What material should a herp enclosure be made out of

A

Easy to clean and disinfectTransparent barriers can be problematic

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87
Q

Are cagemates a good idea for Herps?

A

No

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88
Q

What are ultraviolet A lights used for

A

Part of visible spectrum for many speciesIdentification of conspecifics and prey

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89
Q

What does having ultraviolet -a light do to the environment?

A

Increases social behaviorsFeeding BaskingBreeding

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90
Q

How do you determine how much uv is needed?

A

Depends on:HabitatGeographical locationTime of year Species activity period

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91
Q

What can you use to measure uv irradiance

A

A solar meter 6.2

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92
Q

Who needs UVA?

A

Assume diurnal species need it

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93
Q

What provides UVA?

A

UVB bulbsIncandescentsHalogens

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94
Q

In the color rendering index, what is natural sunlight considered?

A

The best, 100

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95
Q

For diurnal species what is the minimum CRI they should have

A

80

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96
Q

What must be done to the water dish

A

Kept cleanKept appropriately sized (drinking vs soaking/swimming)

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97
Q

What additives must be removed from water?

A

Chlorine, chloramine, fluoride

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98
Q

Who is most sensitive to water quality

A

Small reptiles and all amphibians most sensitive

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99
Q

What can inappropriate levels of humidity lead to?

A

Respiratory and or dermatological disease

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100
Q

What are humidity needs based on

A

Seasonally depending on wild habit

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101
Q

What are the two categories of substrate

A

ParticulateNon particulate

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102
Q

What is a particulate substrate and give an example

A

Made up of lots of small pieces Ex: sand soil or gravel

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103
Q

What is a non particulate substrate and give an example

A

Made up of large piecesEx: paper towel, carpeting, tile

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104
Q

Is enrichment a necessity or an option

A

It’s a necessity

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105
Q

Herps are thigmotactic, what does that mean

A

They must feel the security of a hide on all sides of their body

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106
Q

How big should a Herps hide be?

A

Just large enough to enter, turn around and exit

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107
Q

Why is food a good enrichment for Herps

A

Chasing live insect prey Stimulate foraging behaviors (hidden prey)

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108
Q

What are some good reasons to keep Herps as pets?

A

Hypo allergic companion animalsMay be better suited to your lifestyle Captive breeding effortsHands off display pets

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109
Q

How do you select a species of herp to keep as a pet?

A

Based on:Adult sizeSpace requirements DietHardinessPersonality and behavior

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110
Q

What non particulate substrates are good

A

Paper towel, butcher paper, newspaper

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111
Q

Why are non particulate substrates like paper towel good for animals

A

Easy observations of stool and urine productionPrey cannot hide easily

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112
Q

What can you do when you find out an animal is eating it’s substrate?

A

Don’t use that substrateFeed on dish or elevated perchFeed snakes in a feeding bin

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113
Q

What are the cons of having a glass aquarium with a screen top for your herps

A

Transparent barriers can be problematic ( face rubbing)

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114
Q

What are the cons of having a wood enclosure with a screen front or top for your herp

A

Wood is difficult to sanitize and screen is abrasive if animal rubs against it

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115
Q

How much uv light is transmitted through glass or plastic barriers

A

0%

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116
Q

What can uv light go through

A

Mesh/wire/screen

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117
Q

What deformities happen with uv deficiency

A

Skeletal deformities especially if afflicted during juvenile critical growth period

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118
Q

What is a heliotherm

A

Any heat producing bulb in a heat lamp fixture

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119
Q

What is a thigmotherm

A

Any heliospheric device placed over substrate or furniture that retains heat

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120
Q

What is special about the leopard gecko

A

Possess true eyelidsLack of adhesive footpadsTail enlarged with fat depositsCrested geckos are flattened dorsoventrally

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121
Q

What is special about the Sudan plated lizard

A

Similar body to skinkDifferent scalation

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122
Q

What is the major differences between lizards and caudates

A

Dry scaly skinNails/clawsCaudates have a frog like appearance

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123
Q

What is special about snake lung anatomy

A

Many species only have left lung; right lung is reduced in size or absent

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124
Q

Why is it important to examine shed skin?

A

Can check for ecto parasitesCheck for ecdysis

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125
Q

What is the shell of a turtle?

A

Living bone

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126
Q

What are some ownership considerations for Owning birds

A

Time consumingLoud/destructive MessyRequire fresh food/water at all timesCan be aggressiveVery long lifespan

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127
Q

Describe living in the wild for the bird

A

PredatorsDiet (variety)Disease Climate changeHabitat destruction

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128
Q

Describe life in captivity for a bird

A

CagingBehavior problemsOften inappropriate dietVet care Increased longevityHand rearing

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129
Q

How do you sex a bird

A

DNAUltrasoundColor dimorphism

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130
Q

What are a few popular bird species

A

African greyAmazonCanaryCockatielCockatooFinchMacaw

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131
Q

Describe housing of birds

A

Safe cage location/positionAppropriate size cageVarious perchesToysHiding tentsSafe cage liner

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132
Q

Give 4 examples of appropriate perches

A

Cholla woodRope perchJava woodApple wood

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133
Q

Give three examples of inappropriate perches

A

Rock/stone perchSand paper covered perchSand paper perch

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134
Q

What is the basic care needed for birds

A

Monitor appetite, stool/urine, activityRoutine weighingMonitor Molting periodsProvide foraging activities and toysTraining sessionsProvide entertainmentRegular bath

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135
Q

What is general grooming for birds

A

Nails (clipping or filing)Daily bathsBeak (not usually required)Wings (trimming)

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136
Q

What are the 3 abnormal types of bird beaks

A

Scissor beakOvergrown beakPrognathism

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137
Q

How do you identify birds?

A

Leg bandsMicrochips (in chest)

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138
Q

What should birds be eating?

A

Vegetables & dark greensSprouted beans/seedsFruitsPellets and whole grainsNuts and seedsAnimal protein

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139
Q

What are some toxic foods for birds

A

AvocadoFruit pits/seedsGround cherriesRhubarbFat/sugar/saltOnion/garlicChocolateCoffeeAlcoholHouse plantsMoldy foods

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140
Q

What are some toxic products for birds

A

MetalsPaint/varnishTeflonCleaning productsCigarette smokeAir fresheners

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141
Q

How do you restrain birds?

A

Hold head and stomach/feet areaTowel

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142
Q

Describe a healthy bird

A

Perky and alertPosture Bright eyesClean noseGlossy bright feathersHydrated skin on feetNails trimmedNormal stoolsGood appetiteCloaca

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143
Q

What are the signs of illness in a bird

A

Puffy feathersDroopy wingsClosed eyesCrusty noseHunched positionAt cage bottom Loss of appetite Quiet

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144
Q

What are some common avian diseases

A

PsittacosisPbfdPolyoma virusPacheco disease virusProventricular dilation diseaseAspergillosis Candidiasis

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145
Q

What is a common problem with birds feet

A

Bumble foot

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146
Q

What is a common problem with the feathers of a bird?

A

Feather cystsBroken blood feathers

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147
Q

What’s a common problem associated with a bird giving birth

A

Egg binding

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148
Q

What’s a common skin problem in birds

A

Mites

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149
Q

What a common problem with feeding a bird too much

A

ObesityFatty liver disease

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150
Q

What’s a common problem with birds bones

A

Fractured

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151
Q

What are some behavioral issues of birds

A

ScreamingBitingAggressionDestructionOver preeningPluckingMutiliation

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152
Q

What is a normal mouth like

A

Good occlusionAll teeth presentHealthy gumsNo foul smell

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153
Q

What is the canine adult dental formula

A

Incisiors 3/3, canines 1/1, premolars 4/4 molars 2/3

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154
Q

How many teeth does an adult canine have

A

42

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155
Q

What is the dental formula of an adult feline

A

Incisors 3/3, canines 1/1, premolars 3/2 and molars 1/1

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156
Q

How many teeth does an adult feline have

A

30

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157
Q

Teeth problems are the most frequent health problem in pets older than ___ years

A

6

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158
Q

___-____% of pets examined have some sort of periodontal disease

A

80-85

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159
Q

What does periodontal disease cause

A

Systematic problems as well as local ones

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160
Q

Why do dental problems typically lead to euthanasia

A

Because it is expensive to get appropriate dental treatment

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161
Q

What kind of home care can an owner be doing to take care of their pets teeth

A

Owner exam + odorFoodBrushingWater additives Toys

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162
Q

What can a vet/tech do to take care of a pets teeth

A

Special productsDental cleaningPrevention programs

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163
Q

What are the clinical signs of periodontal disease

A

HalitosisGingivitisPlaquePusLoss of teethPain

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164
Q

What is the progression of periodontal disease

A

PlaqueGingivitisTartarInflammationGum destroyedTooth loss

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165
Q

What are some differences between pediatric animals and adult animals

A

Anatomy and physiology/immunityNutritionActivity Behavior/temperamentMedical care

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166
Q

What happens at 2-3 days in pediatric development

A

Umbilical cord dries and falls off

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167
Q

What happens at 5-14 days in pediatric development

A

Eyelids open

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168
Q

What happens at 6-14 days in pediatric development

A

External ear canals open

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169
Q

What Happens at 7-14 days in pediatric development

A

Capable of crawling

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170
Q

What happens at 14-21 days in pediatric development

A

Walking, urinating and defecating spontaneously

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171
Q

What happens at 8 weeks in pediatric development

A

Renal function nears that of an adult

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172
Q

What happens in 4-5 months in pediatric development

A

Hepatic function nears that of an adult

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173
Q

In puppies , when does the incisors erupt from skin

A

2-3 weeks

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174
Q

In puppies when does the canines erupt from the skin

A

3-4 weeks

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175
Q

In puppies when do the premolars erupt from the skin

A

3-6 weeks

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176
Q

At 12-16 weeks what happens to a dogs teeth

A

The adult incisors come in

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177
Q

At 16-20 weeks what happens to a dogs teeth

A

The adult canines come in

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178
Q

At 16-24 weeks what happens to a dogs teeth

A

Adult premolars come in

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179
Q

At 14-20 weeks what happens to a dogs teeth

A

The adult molars come in

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180
Q

In a kitten when do the incisors erupt from the skin

A

3-4 weeks

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181
Q

In a kitten when do the canines erupt from the skin

A

3 weeks

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182
Q

In a kitten when do the pre molars erupt from the skin

A

4-12 weeks

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183
Q

In a cat what happens to their teeth at 12-16 weeks

A

Adult incisors come in

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184
Q

In a cat what happens to their teeth at 16-24 weeks

A

Adult canines come inAdult premolars come in

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185
Q

In a cat what happens to their teeth at 20-28 weeks

A

Adult molars come In

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186
Q

When do puppies and kittens stop sleeping together

A

5-6 weeks of age

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187
Q

How do neonates urinate/defecate

A

Mother stimulates them

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188
Q

When does the puppy/kitten receive colostrum

A

Within 2-3 hours up to 24hrs

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189
Q

In the first week how many times does a neonate recieve milk

A

4-6 times a day

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190
Q

In the second week how many times does a neonate receive milk per day

A

3 times a day

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191
Q

When is solid food introduced to neonates

A

3-4 weeks of age

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192
Q

When is a neonate completely weaned off of milk

A

6-8 weeks

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193
Q

Why is handling neonates often good

A

Stimulates development and sociability

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194
Q

When is the imprinting period

A

First 4 months

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195
Q

When is the fear period

A

8-12 weeks

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196
Q

What is the normal rectal temperature of a neonate in the first week

A

35.6 approx

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197
Q

What is the rectal temperature of a neonate in the second week

A

37.0-38.2

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198
Q

When does the temperature of a neonate hit adult levels

A

7 weeks

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199
Q

What is the normal heart rate in the first week of life

A

220bpm

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200
Q

What is the respiratory rate in the first week of life

A

10-35 breaths per minute

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201
Q

When does the respiratory rate hit adult level in neonates

A

4 weeks

202
Q

What are three things to remember about pediatrics and why do they occur

A
  1. Hypothermia: greater surface area and less fat2. Hypoglycemia: high energy requirement and small stomach3. Immature hepatic and renal function: May react unpredictably to drugs
203
Q

What are common neonatal diseases

A

Trauma and maternal neglectHypothermiaDehydrationInfectious diseasesSepticemiaSwimmersHypoglycemia

204
Q

Do cows always produce milk?

A

No only when they get pregnant

205
Q

How much milk does a Holstein cow produce at peak lactation?

A

65 liters a day

206
Q

What are the cows fed?

A

Hay, forage

207
Q

At what age will a heifer have her first calf?

A

2 years

208
Q

What is the life expectancy of a dairy cow?

A

5-6 years

209
Q

What tests are done to the milk in the bulk tank?

A

Stomatic cell count and milk quality tests

210
Q

Can you drink the milk from the bulk tank?

A

Yes but risk of salmonella

211
Q

How many days does it take a broiler to be ready for market?

A

35 days

212
Q

Do hens need a rooster to lay eggs?

A

No, ai

213
Q

What is the life expectancy of a layer hen?

A

1 year

214
Q

What is the yearly egg production for a typical layer hen?

A

285-290

215
Q

At what frequency does a hen lay one egg?

A

1 per day

216
Q

What type of research is being done at the farm?

A

Feeding , lighting

217
Q

How are eggs graded?

A

By weight

218
Q

Why are the layers on a specific lighting cycle?

A

To prevent cannibalismLight cycle brings them into production slowly

219
Q

What breeds of broilers and layers did Mac farm have?

A

Broilers : cobLayers : shavers

220
Q

What type of bedding is used for broiler chickens?

A

Shavings and they are used because they are big pieces so the chickens don’t eat it.

221
Q

Describe the ventilation system in the poultry unit

A

Exhaust fans take out ammonia 1. Stage one : every three minutes air exchange2. Stage two : constant air exchange

222
Q

Why are calves kept outside?

A

To keep them away from their mother because they don’t have immunity yet

223
Q

Describe the ventilation system of the dairy barn ?

A

Two type system : Spring: windows and doors open at one end of barn. Fans pull air through. Winter : fans running , pulls air through ceiling

224
Q

Name the dairy cow breeds seen at the farm

A

Holstein, Ayrshire,jersey, brown Swiss , canadien

225
Q

What are some appropriate forms of housing for a dog?

A

Crates, children gates, playpens, dog runs and small rooms

226
Q

Should you restrict freshwater?

A

No

227
Q

Are you supposed to feed a dog table scraps? What can happen?

A

No. The dog can become obese and also have a vitamin/mineral deficiency

228
Q

How often are you supposed to give treats?

A

Within reason, a low cal treat

229
Q

How is dog nutrition determined?

A

By size and life stage. Should be tailored for appropriate growth and to prevent obesity

230
Q

Give four reasons why you should groom your pet

A
  1. Makes dog feel good2. Makes dog look good3. Inspection and detection4. Reinforces the bond
231
Q

What are the strategic spots for brushing?

A

Behind earsUnder footpadsChest areaBack of hind legs

232
Q

When should you start brushing your pet?

A

At a young age

233
Q

How frequently should a pet be brushed ideally ?

A

Once per day

234
Q

List 3 reasons why bathing pets is important

A

To clean and condition the coat - diminish odorsTo treat skin conditionsTo get rid of extoparasites

235
Q

Should you brush before or after you bathe your dog?

A

Brush before

236
Q

What are the three types of shampoos for bathing dogs?

A

Insecticidal MedicatedGeneral purpose

237
Q

Can you use a hairdryer on a dog to dry him?

A

Yes but be sure that it is not too hot, can burn or give heatstroke to the dog

238
Q

Why do we do oral care on dogs?

A

To prevent periodontal disease and systemic diseases

239
Q

How often should you brush your dogs teeth?

A

Once a week

240
Q

When does a dog have his deciduous teeth?

A

4-7 months

241
Q

How many teeth does a dog have as an adult?

A

42

242
Q

How can you ease a dog into a teeth brushing routine?

A

Rub his gums with wet food to get him used to the action

243
Q

What are the three major parts of the ear?

A

Outer (pinna)Middle (tympanic membrane)Inner

244
Q

How can you increase air flow into the ear canal?

A

Plucking hairs from opening of ear canalTying or taping ears together on top of head

245
Q

When do you need to see a vet in terms of ear problems?

A

As soon as there is a foul odor, discharge, dog shakes ears often

246
Q

What is otitis?

A

Yeasts, Bacteria,Parasites such as mites

247
Q

What are symptoms of otitis?

A

ScratchingShaking head Tilting head to one side Evidence of pain when touchedSour smell

248
Q

What are some basic forms of ear care?

A

Drying ears after bathing or swimming Cleaning ears with gauze pads soaked with an ear cleansing solutionVeterinary prescriptions /ear swab analysis

249
Q

Why is nail care important?

A

For animals comfortInjury prevention

250
Q

What are some issues associated with anal glands?

A

CloggedFoul smelling IrritatedInfected Abcessed

251
Q

What is the difference between professional emptying and groomers?

A

Professionals will empty anal glands and if there is a blockage they can fix it whereas groomers do not pay attention to blockages and will not alert you to problems

252
Q

Should excess hairs around eyes be tied or shaved?

A

Yes

253
Q

Why should dogs keep their head inside the car?

A

Because they can get debris in their eye or have their eyes dry out

254
Q

What symptoms should you be on the lookout for with dog eyes?

A

Redness, excessive staining, soreness, discharge

255
Q

Why do dogs tears stain their coat? What can be used to hide protein staining?

A

Because it contains protein. Chalk can be used as make up for dogs

256
Q

What are the signs of illness in a dog?

A

Poor coatDull eyes/ dischargeAnorexiaVomitingChange in stool Becomes listlessPale gumsFever

257
Q

What is the normal temperature range of a dog?

A

38.3c to 39.5c

258
Q

Why are stools useful for determining the health of your dog?

A

Because they are a direct representation of your dogs digestion and general health

259
Q

How often should your dog be walked?

A

Twice a day

260
Q

What are the vaccination requirements for boarding facilities?

A

Kennel cough

261
Q

What are vaccinations?

A

Preventative protection against diseases

262
Q

Is immunity from a vaccination indefinite?

A

No it is not. Requires boosters on a set schedule

263
Q

Are vaccines 100% efficient?

A

No. But most efficient when maintaining a proper vaccination schedule

264
Q

What is a colostrum ?

A

First milk a mother gives to her puppy. Rich in antibiotics and gives dog a passive immunity

265
Q

Why would vaccinations vary between dog and medical professional?

A

Because each professional has a different view of what vaccines are important. Each animal is given individual vaccines in accordance with environment and health status

266
Q

What is vaniers vaccination protocol?

A

7-8 weeks : distemper, hepatitis, parainfluenza, parvovirus12 weeks: booster16 weeks: booster plus rabies 1 year: booster

267
Q

What are optional vaccines?

A

Leptospirosis Bordatella (kennel cough)Corona virusGiardiaLyme disease

268
Q

What the expected adverse reactions to a vaccination?

A

Local inflammation and discomfort24-48hr fever

269
Q

What are abnormal adverse reactions to a vaccine?

A

Allergic reaction (can be fatal. Immediate intervention needed)Frequent vomitingDiarrheaFacial swelling

270
Q

What is a way to control the risk of a vaccine?

A

One vaccine at a time and keeping the animal under supervision

271
Q

What controls the oestral cycle?

A

Endocrine

272
Q

What hormones are involved with oestral cycle?

A

Estrogen, progesterone, fsh and lh

273
Q

What are the cycle types?

A

Continuous (pig,cow)Seasonal cycles (dogs,cats,mares,goats)Mono-oestrian cycle (dogs)Poly-oestrian cycle (cats,mares,goats,sheep)

274
Q

What is the gestation period for a bitch?

A

58-63 days

275
Q

What is the typical litter size?

A

1-15pups

276
Q

How many heats does a bitch have and how many months apart are they?

A

Two heats/year and 6months apart

277
Q

What is the breeding age for a bitch?

A

Between 6months-1 yr of age

278
Q

Can dogs seperate while they have sex?

A

No they cannot

279
Q

What are four ways to prevent gestation in bitches?

A

SurveillanceSpaying and neuteringPillHormone injections

280
Q

How can you stop gestation once it has started?

A

Abortion

281
Q

What does spaying include?

A

The removal of both the ovaries and uterus

282
Q

What are some advantages to spaying?

A

Prevents unwanted littersEliminates the inconvienance of heat periodsHelps prevent uterine problems such as infectionLessens the possibility of mammary tumorsPrevents false pregnancies

283
Q

What are some advantages to neutering ?

A

Diminishes roamingPrevents unwanted puppiesMakes males less aggressive and less likely to develop undesirable traits such as mountingPrevents testicular cancerPrevents prostate problems

284
Q

What is neutering?

A

Removal of both testicals of the male

285
Q

When should you spay or neuter?

A

as young as 6-14 weeks but normally at 6 months

286
Q

Temporary methods of canine identification

A

Medals: city id medals, rabies tagsCapsulsCollars

287
Q

What are the pros and cons of temporary methods of canine identification

A

Pros: low costCons: can be lost or broken

288
Q

What are a few types of permanent canine identification

A

Tattoos: 2 types:Ear punch typePencil typeMicrochips

289
Q

What are some health risks of toys?

A

Catching diseasesBreaking teethForeign body : obstruction

290
Q

What is the proper crate size for a dog?

A

Leaves enough room that he could stand and turn around even when fully grown

291
Q

What are the types of crates available?

A

Metal collapsible, plastic traveling crate

292
Q

Where should a dogs crate be placed?

A

In a room with human activity

293
Q

What enrichment should be placed in a dogs crate?

A

Few treats, food, toys, blanket, water

294
Q

How do you keep the crate a positive place for a dog?

A

Never use it as punishment

295
Q

Why should table scraps not be given during family dinner time?

A

Because it encourages begging and negative behaviors

296
Q

How should long hair be combed?

A

From the extemities

297
Q

How do you keep a breed with wrinkles from developing infection?

A

Rinse wrinkles with warm water and mild soap and dry them. Apply baby powder in wrinkles to keep them dry

298
Q

How can teeth and gums be maintained in a healthy state?

A

Regular teeth brushing, feeding a specially formulated dental diet and treats, avoiding table scraps

299
Q

What can sweet, fruity smelling dog breath be caused by?

A

Diabetes

300
Q

What can foul smelling dog breath be caused by?

A

Liver or intestinal diseases

301
Q

What can breath smelling of ammonia or urine be caused by?

A

Kidney disease

302
Q

Why are breeds with tight lips more likely to have dental problems than breeds with loose lips?

A

Because there is no space for hard food to rub against the teeth when they chew and therefor plaque develops

303
Q

What are the two types of toothbrushes available for dogs?

A

Finger brushesRegular tooth brushes

304
Q

How often should you check yur dogs ears?

A

Weekly

305
Q

How often should nails be checked and cut?

A

Every two weeks

306
Q

What are the types of nail cutters available?

A

Guillotine type, scissor type , nail grinder and nail file

307
Q

How can you stop bleeding if you cut the quick?

A

Quick stop powder, silver nitrate pencil, cornstarch, flour

308
Q

What are white stools indicative of?

A

Ingestion of bones, or is a sign of liver or pancreatic dysfunction

309
Q

What are black, tarry stools indicative of?

A

Occult blood and indicate that bleeding is occurring in upper regions of the digestive tract

310
Q

What is fresh red blood in stool indicative of?

A

Bleeding occurring in lower part of the digestive system

311
Q

What is the scientific name of a rabbit

A

Orytolagus cuniculus

312
Q

What is the order for a rabbit

A

Order Lagomorpha

313
Q

What does a lagomorph have that differentiates it from a rat

A

A second pair of upper incisors

314
Q

What is the family of a rabbit

A

Leporidae

315
Q

What does ortvtolagus include?

A

Rabbits and Hares

316
Q

How many breeds of rabbits are there?

A

30 breeds

317
Q

Can rabbits be housed indoors or outdoors?

A

Yes

318
Q

What can rabbits be used for?

A

PetsShow animalsMeat producer Wool producerResearch subject

319
Q

Name 6 common breeds of rabbit

A

English and French angoraBelgian HareAmerican Dutch (4.5 lbs)Dwarf (2 lbs)Flemish Giant (15lbs)New Zealand White

320
Q

Describe the angora rabbit

A

Very fluffy white with a fluffy top on ears

321
Q

Name 5 common lop breeds

A

French bélier ( hazel)Mini-lopHolland LopCalifornianGiant Chinchilla

322
Q

Who were the first to domesticate rabbits

A

Romans

323
Q

Describe what’s special about a rabbits anatomy

A

Fragile skeletonDelicate veins (can easily pop them)Well-developed 3rd eyelid (nictitating membrane)

324
Q

What’s a disease that commonly infects rabbits

A

Myxomatosis

325
Q

What is the life expectancy of a rabbit? Inside vs outdoor

A

4-9 years outdoors. 15 years inside

326
Q

What is the dental formula of a rabbit

A

Incisors 2/1, canines 0/0, premolars 3/2, molars 3/3

327
Q

What is the range in temperature of a rabbit

A

38.5 -40c

328
Q

Does a rabbit have a well developed sense of smell?

A

Yes. They have twitchy nose

329
Q

Are rabbits obligate nasal breathers

A

Yes

330
Q

Are rabbits herbivores or omnivores

A

Herbivores

331
Q

Describe the New Zealand white

A

Medium size 2-5kgGrow rapidly Reproduce wellUsed in laboratories

332
Q

What are the disadvantages for using rabbits as research animals

A

Difficulties encountered in anesthesiaPlagued by a large number of spontaneous diseases

333
Q

What does the size of a rabbits cage need to be

A

3x2 lengths of a rabbit minimum

334
Q

What are the types of enrichment rabbits should have?

A

Timothy twists, Timothy hay shelter, plastic balls, anything autoclaveable. Metal chime with rocket candy on it

335
Q

What is a rabbits preferred food?

A

Sweet food and pellets

336
Q

Are rabbits hindgut fermenters ?

A

Yes

337
Q

Describe the night stool and why it is important

A

It is a stool that they eat to reabsorb vitamins and proteins. Very moist

338
Q

How do you prevent obesity and selective eating?

A

Limit pellets/mix concentrate

339
Q

What is the best hay for rabbits?

A

Timothy hay then alfalfa

340
Q

Describe Timothy hays nutrition content

A

High fiber, low protein and low calcium grass hay

341
Q

Describe alfalfa hays nutritional content

A

High in protein and calciumOnly feed to growing/breeding rabbits

342
Q

Do rabbits teeth stop growing?

A

No they grow continuously

343
Q

How many cm/month does a rabbits teeth grow

A

2cm/month

344
Q

How does a rabbit wear down its teeth?

A

By eating correct diet and chewing on toys/food etc

345
Q

What breed of rabbit is prone to malocclusion?

A

Dwarf rabbit

346
Q

Describe what a malocclusion is

A

Overgrown front incisors

347
Q

How do you know a rabbit has overgrown back teeth?

A

Slobbers constantly

348
Q

When does a rabbit reach sexual maturity?

A

5 months.

349
Q

What are rabbits (in terms of ovulation)

A

Induced ovulators. They release eggs after copulation not before

350
Q

How long is the gestation period of a rabbit?

A

29-35days

351
Q

What is the litter siZe of a rabbit

A

4-12 kits

352
Q

How many months are the kits weaned?

A

6 weeks

353
Q

What is an unusual nursing characteristic of a rabbit?

A

They nurse 2x per day. Kit can consume 20% of its body weight in a few seconds

354
Q

How do you make sure you sex a rabbit properly?

A

You pop out the penis

355
Q

Describe rabbit urine and what makes it that way

A

Rabbit urine is thick and cloudy and contains sediment. The sediment is caused by excessive amounts of calcium

356
Q

Rabbits urine is porphyrin. Describe it

A

Red pigment staining urine. Can be brown, yellow or red

357
Q

Describe 3 typical forms veterinary care provided to rabbits

A

Spay &neuterVaccination : myxomatosis or viral hemmoragic diseaseParasite prevention (de worming, flea removal)

358
Q

Describe pasteurella

A

A disease that is carried by all rabbits and can lay dormant till activated by stress

359
Q

Describe the symptoms of pasteurella

A

septicemiaSnifflesConjunctivitis Abscesses Vestibular disease ( inner ear )PneumoniaSudden death

360
Q

Describe torticollis symptoms in rabbits

A

Head tiltLack of balanceRapid side to side movement of eyesHopping in circlesRolling

361
Q

What is psorptic mange

A

Ear mites

362
Q

What is cheyletiella

A

Walking dandruff (hair mites)

363
Q

What is pododermatitis

A

Sore hocks (cut up feet)

364
Q

How do you prevent uterine cancer in rabbits?

A

Spay the rabbit

365
Q

What are some calcium related diseases that rabbits are susceptible to

A

Bladder stones (urolithiasis and cystic calculi)Kidney stones (renal calcinosis)Aortic mineralizationMetastatic calification

366
Q

How do you prevent calcium related diseases in your rabbit?

A

Feed low calcium Timothy hay and limit the pellets

367
Q

What are the signs of pain of a rabbit

A

Teeth grindingHunched up postureShrieking

368
Q

What is gastric stasis associated with?

A

Low fiber high carb dietStressDecreased exerciseHair ingestion

369
Q

What are the clinic signs of gastric stasis

A

Rabbit is not eating or producing stool for 8 hours or more

370
Q

What is enterotoxemia ? And in what life cycle is a rabbit at risk?

A

Explosive diarrheal disease. Recently weaned rabbits are at risk

371
Q

What predisposes a rabbit to enterotoxemia?

A

Diet, antibiotic treatment

372
Q

How do you football hold a rabbit?

A

Butt facing right arm and left arm under their butt. Carried in crook of arm with eyes covered

373
Q

What are other forms of rabbit restraint other than the football hold?

A

Burrito methodRabbit restrainerBunny snuggle

374
Q

Why are rabbits at a high risk of fractures?

A

Because their bones are light and brittle and fracture easily. Rabbits skeleton makes up 7% of its body weight. Had overdeveloped back legs

375
Q

Where is blood taken from on a rabbit and why are they good candidates for drawing blood

A

On the back of its ears and because they have very visible prominent veins

376
Q

How many weeks is a puppy protected (because of colostrum) before it starts to wear off

A

A few weeks

377
Q

What vaccines are routinely given to puppies?

A

Distemper, hepatitis, parvovirus, para influenza and rabies

378
Q

At 7-8 weeks what vaccines are routinely given

A

Distemper, hepatitis, parainfluenza, parvo virus

379
Q

What vaccine is given at 12 weeks

A

A booster

380
Q

What vaccines are given at 16 weeks

A

Booster and rabies

381
Q

What vaccines are given at 1 year

A

Booster

382
Q

Rabies virus is usually given every ____ years

A

3 years

383
Q

What are the optional vaccines available

A

LeptospirosisBordetellaCorona virusGiardiaLyme disease

384
Q

What are expected reactions to vaccinations

A

Local inflammationDiscomfort24-48hr fever

385
Q

What are abnormal reactions to a vaccine

A

Vomiting Diarrhea Facial swelling

386
Q

What are the hormones involved in the oestrus cycle

A

OestrogenProgesteroneFshLh

387
Q

Dogs are ______ oestrianCats are _______ oestrian

A

MonoPoly

388
Q

When do bitches reach breeding age?

A

6 months - 1 year

389
Q

Do small breed bitches come into heat at a younger age than large breed bitches?

A

Yes

390
Q

How many heats does a dog have a year

A

Two

391
Q

How long does a heat last

A

3 weeks

392
Q

What is the first phase of (dog) heat and how long does it last

A

5-9 days. Pro estrus

393
Q

Describe pro estrus in dogs

A

Vulva becomes swollen and inflamed and the bitch may lick herself. There may be changes in her appetite and temperament. Bloody discharge drips from the vulva.

394
Q

How do you know a bitch is entering estrus

A

When her vaginal discharge (blood) lessens

395
Q

What happens in estrus

A

Ovulation takes place and the bitch is ready for breeding.

396
Q

When can a bitch become impregnated?

A

During a 3-5 day period in estrus.

397
Q

What happens if a bitch is impregnated

A

Gestation follows (58-63 days)

398
Q

What happens if a bitch doesn’t get pregnant in estrus

A

Anoestrus

399
Q

What is the duration of anoestrus

A

60-180d

400
Q

What is the duration of pro-oestrus

A

3-15 days

401
Q

What is the duration of oestrus

A

5-15d

402
Q

What’s the duration of post oestrus

A

60-65d

403
Q

How do you prevent gestation in a dog

A

Spaying and neuteringPillHormone injectionsAbortion

404
Q

What are some advantages to spaying

A

Prevents unwanted littersEliminates inconvienance of heat periods Prevents false pregnancies

405
Q

When you spay an animal what do you remove

A

Ovaries and uterus

406
Q

When you neuter an animal what do you remove

A

Testicals

407
Q

What are the advantages to neutering

A

Diminish roamingPrevents unwanted puppiesPrevents testicular cancer

408
Q

When do you spay/neuter pups

A

6 months old

409
Q

What are the predisposing factors to parasite infestations in dogs

A

Animal concentrationIntroduction of new animalsEnvironmental hygienePet health statusWeather conditionsParasite ecologyPet contact with wild animals or pest rodentsFood contamination

410
Q

What are parasite control methods

A

Regular treatmentDaily removal of feces from the environment Frequent vacuumingAppropriate flooring, sealing floor crevasses and frequent washing with appropriate productsPrevent contact with other dogs stools

411
Q

What are some clinical signs of parasite infestation

A

Weight lossVomiting Bloated abdomen AnemiaSlowing growthDiarrheaCoughDull hair

412
Q

What are some common internal parasites

A

Round wormsHookwormsWhipwormsTapewormProtozoans

413
Q

What are common external parasites

A

Arthropodes

414
Q

What is the family name of cats

A

Felidae

415
Q

What is the genus of cats

A

Felis

416
Q

What are specific anatomical characteristics of cats

A

Strong, flexible bodies, quick reflexes, sharp retractable claws, teeth adapted to killing, excellent hearing and can see in near darkness

417
Q

What is the life expectancy of a cat

A

15-18 years

418
Q

What are the uses of cats

A

Vermin killersStatusCompanionFur tradeFolk remedies

419
Q

How to cat proof your home

A

Remove toxic plantsStore poisonous materialStore sewing supplies, fragile itemsBe careful with electric & blind cords

420
Q

Why is it recommended to keep a cat indoors

A

City regulationsSafe: less dangerLess chance of getting stolen or lost

421
Q

If a cat goes outdoors what does he need

A

Must have a proper id and be sterilizedMust be vaccinated and treated for parasites

422
Q

What is an essential amino acid that cats need

A

Taurine

423
Q

What grooming should be done frequently

A

Eyes (discharge check)Ears (debris/odor check)Nails (trim nails)Coat (comb to prevent matting)

424
Q

What three type of shampoos can you use on a cat

A

InsecticidalMedicated General purpose

425
Q

What is declawing?

A

Amputation of 3rd phalange in paws

426
Q

What do cats need their nails for

A

Climb, hunt and for defense

427
Q

What are the pros to declawing

A

Medical reasons (trauma, tumor)Trauma to ownersLess damage to household

428
Q

What are the cons for declawing

A

UnnaturalDone for owners benefit not catsPainful surgery with complications

429
Q

What are some declawing alternatives

A

Scratching postClaw capsTenectomy

430
Q

How to prevent hairballs

A

Frequent combing

431
Q

How do you treat hairballs

A

Laxative pastesSpecial foodsSpecial treats

432
Q

How many litter boxes should you have

A

Number of cats plus 1

433
Q

What is the maximum amount of time a cat should be alone

A

24-72 hrs max

434
Q

What are the common cat vaccinations

A

RhinotracheitisCalici virus ChlamydiaBordetellaPanleucopeniaFiv/feLVRabies

435
Q

What vaccine is given at 6-8 weeks for a cat

A

Fvrcp

436
Q

What vaccine is given at 3-4 months of age for a cat

A

Booster and non adjuvated rabies

437
Q

What vaccine is given at 1 year for cats

A

Booster fvrcp and rabies non adjuvanted or adjuvanted

438
Q

What vaccine is given at 3 years for a cat

A

Booster fvrcp and rabies non adjuvanted or adjuvanted

439
Q

What are cats in terms of oestrian cycle

A

Poly oestrian

440
Q

When do cats hit puberty

A

4-12 months

441
Q

How long is the gestation period of a cat

A

63-65 days

442
Q

How big is a normal cat litter size

A

1-7 kittens

443
Q

What is a male cat called

A

A tom

444
Q

What is a female cat called

A

A queen

445
Q

How long is pro estrus in cats

A

1-3 days.

446
Q

Describe pro estrus

A

Attracted to malesRubs head and neck on objectsPosturing, rolling

447
Q

How long is estrus period

A

4-6 days if male present, 10 days if no male

448
Q

What cycle is a cat in after ovulation

A

Diestrus

449
Q

How long is a cats pseudo pregnancy

A

40 days

450
Q

How long is a cat in anestrus

A

3-4 months

451
Q

What are three dangers when dealing with a cat

A

Trauma Cat scratch diseaseWound infection

452
Q

What are some reasons for feline restraint

A

Handler safetyAnimal safety Owner safetyControl for success of diagnostic procedureControl for success of a therapeutic procedure

453
Q

What are some cat handling techniques

A

ObservePrepare material Stay calmReassure itScruff neckStretch Blanket, muzzle

454
Q

What are some species of rats

A

Sprague dawleyWistarLong Evans

455
Q

What does outbred stock mean

A

Random matings

456
Q

What inbred strains mean

A

20 brother sister matings

457
Q

What does congenic strains mean

A

Single gene mutation

458
Q

What does transgenic mean

A

Have a gene that is spliced in

459
Q

What is the average weight of a rat

A

400-500g male-100g female

460
Q

What is a rats life span

A

2.5 years

461
Q

Do rats grow forever? And at what rate

A

Yes, very gradually.

462
Q

What are rats considered?

A

Crepuscular

463
Q

What is a normal rats photoperiod

A

12:12

464
Q

Are rats coprophagic?

A

Yes

465
Q

Are males likely to fight when housed together?

A

No

466
Q

What happens to solitary rats?

A

They become stressed,Larger adrenal glands

467
Q

Are rats omnivores?

A

Yes

468
Q

Do rats burrow?

A

Yes if given the chance

469
Q

Is rats sense of smell and hearing better or worse than a humans

A

Better

470
Q

Rats communicate in what range

A

Ultrasound range

471
Q

What do rats depend on for sight?

A

Wiskers

472
Q

What colors can rats not see

A

Red and orange

473
Q

What is a rats tail used for?

A

Balance and heat exchange

474
Q

How long is a rats estrus cycle

A

4-5 days

475
Q

How long is a rats gestation period

A

21-23 days

476
Q

How big is an average rats litter size

A

3-18 pups

477
Q

At what age does the hair grow in? (Rat baby)

A

8-9 days

478
Q

At what age do the eyes open (rat baby)

A

10-14 days

479
Q

At what age are rats weaned until

A

21 days

480
Q

When do rats hit puberty

A

2 months

481
Q

How many hours of light does a breeding rat require per day

A

14hrs a day

482
Q

Rats have continuos growing ______

A

Incisors

483
Q

What level of noise should a rat be maintained at

A

85 decibels

484
Q

What happens if a rat is exposed to too much light

A

Retinal damage

485
Q

What happens if a rat is exposed to too much noise

A

Audio genic seizuresCannibalize youngIncrease stress hormones

486
Q

Why do rats eat their feces?

A

Get vitamins and extra protein from it

487
Q

How can you identify rats

A

Tail color markingsStandardized ear punching or notching Tattoos

488
Q

What information should rat cage cards contain

A

SpeciesStrainProtocol numberSource InvestigatorSexDobDate of receipt

489
Q

What is the normal temperature and humidity for a rat

A

20-25* celsius. 50-55% humidity

490
Q

How many air changes should a rat have per minute

A

10-20 changed

491
Q

at what level of ammonia do rats show respiratory effects at ?

A

10ppm

492
Q

What is barbering and what causes it?

A

Hair chewed down to skin. Could be caused by boredom or done by a more dominant rat

493
Q

What are a rats signs of illness

A

LethargyAggressivenessHunched posture Rough hair coatDeceased appetite

494
Q

What is porphyrin staining and what does it indicate?

A

Red stains around eyes and indicates stress

495
Q

What are two typical problems with rats teeth

A

Tooth breakageMalocclusion

496
Q

What does adequate housing provide

A

Behavior and physiological needsSocial interaction w conspecificsClean, dry and safe area with adequate ventilation, food and water. Visualization by personnel

497
Q

What are the two handling/restraint methods for rats

A

Cross techniqueV technique

498
Q

What are the risks for handling rats

A

Bites, zoonosis and allergies

499
Q

Why are mice used in biomed research

A

Small, prolific, easily and economically maintained, genetic diversity and well characterized

500
Q

What is the order of mice?

A

Rodentia

Vet Nursing (27 decks)

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