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Human Development > PBL 5: Death in Infancy > Flashcards

PBL 5: Death in Infancy Flashcards

1
Q

Define whooping cough?

A

A highly contagious infection of the lungs caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis.

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2
Q

Define SIDS

A

The sudden, unexplained death of an infant under 1 year old.

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3
Q

Define MCADD

A

Impairment of fatty acid oxidation, preventing the breakdown of medium chain fatty acids into acetyl CoA.

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4
Q

What occurs at 2 months?

A 
•	5-in-1 injection:
-	DTaP (Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis).
-	IPV (Polio).
-	Hib (Haemophilus influenza type b).
•	Pneumococcal vaccine.
•	Rotavirus.
•	Meningitis B.
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5
Q

What occurs at 3 months?

A
  • 5-in-1 injection.

* Rotavirus.

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6
Q

What occurs at 4 months?

A
  • 5-in-1 injection.
  • Pneumococcal vaccine.
  • Meningitis B.
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7
Q

What occurs at 1 year?

A
  • Hib.
  • Pneumococcal vaccine.
  • Meningitis B.
  • Meningitis C.
  • MMR.
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8
Q

What occurs between 2-7 years?

A

• Annual flu vaccination (nasal spray).

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9
Q

What occurs at 3 years + 4 months?

A

• 4-in-1 injection:
- DTaP.
- IPV.
• MMR.

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10
Q

What occurs for 12-13 yr old girls?

A

• HPV 16/18 vaccine.

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11
Q

What occurs at 14 years?

A 
•	3-in-1 injection:
-	Diphtheria.
-	Tetanus.
-	Polio.
•	Men ACWY vaccine.
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12
Q

What occurs at 65 years?

A
  • Pneumococcal (PPV) vaccine.

* Annual flu vaccine.

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13
Q

What occurs at 70 years?

A

• Shingles.

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14
Q

Discuss 2012 whooping cough disease outbreak

A
  • Whooping cough outbreaks occur every 3-4 years.

* But the outbreak of 2012 was much larger than expected (x10).

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15
Q

What were causes of 2012 whooping cough outbreak?

A
  • Not enough people are vaccinated (pertussis vaccine is not life-long).
  • Vaccinations fail.
  • Seasonal variations.
  • Increased diagnosis.
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16
Q

What causes whooping cough?

A

Bordetella pertussis

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17
Q

S+S of whooping cough?

A
  • Runny nose.
  • Sneezing.
  • Dry cough.
  • Sore throat.
  • Intense bouts of coughing with a ‘whoop’ sound (later stage).
  • Vomiting after each coughing episode.
18
Q

Coughing complications?

A
  • Subconjunctival haemorrhage.
  • Rib fractures.
  • Hernias.
  • Pneumothorax.
  • Urinary incontinence.
19
Q

Pertussis complications?

A
  • Apnoea.
  • Pneumonia.
  • Seizures.
  • Encephalopathy.
  • Otitis media (ear infections).
20
Q

How to diagnose whooping cough?

A
  • Full blood count.
  • Serology.
  • PCR.
21
Q

Reproductive number of whooping cough?

A

15

22
Q

Treatment of whooping cough?

A

Clarithromycin

erythromycin.

23
Q

What is used to screen neonates?

A

Hearing

Blood Tests

24
Q

What does heel test test for?

A
  • Sickle cell disease.
  • Cystic fibrosis.
  • MCADD.
  • Phenylketonuria.
  • Congenital hypothyroidism.
25
Q

When is heel test taken?

A

After 48 hrs

26
Q

Where is MCAD located?

A

Mitochondria matrix

27
Q

Function of MCAD?

A

enzyme used to break down fatty acids into acetyl CoA through oxidation.

28
Q

What is heel prick test also known as?

A

Guthrie test

29
Q

What will patient suffer with in MCAD and why?

A

hypoglycaemia as glucose cannot be produced

30
Q

S+S of MCADD?

A
  • Intermittent hypoglycaemia.
  • Vomiting.
  • Lethargy.
  • Excessive sweating.
  • Tachypnoea.
  • Seizures.
  • If untreated it can lead to coma and death.
  • Typically occurs from 3 months – 2 years old.
31
Q

what does MCAD stand for?

A

medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

32
Q

Causes of MCADD?

A
  • Autosomal recessive disorder.
  • Mutation of ACADM gene on chromosome 1.
  • The gene is found at the locus 1p31.
  • The most common mutation is G985, this is because a guanine is switched for an adenine nucleotide at the 985th residue.
33
Q

Diagnosis of MCADD?

A
  • Acute hypoglycaemia.
  • U + E (show reduced anion gap).
  • Liver function tests (elevated enzymes).
  • Urine tests.
34
Q

What is MCADD commonly misdiagnosed as?

A

Reye Syndrome

35
Q

Management of MCADD?

A
  • Avoiding fasting, this is when the MCAD enzyme usually functions.
  • Increased dietary intake of calories from proteins and carbohydrates, while also avoiding lipid intake (due to loss of Beta oxidation).
  • Genetic counselling.
36
Q

Causes of SIDS?

A
  • Lethal congenital malformations.
  • Infections.
  • Rare inherited conditions.
  • Accidents.
  • Non accidental injuries.
37
Q

Risk factors for SIDS?

A
  • Male babies.
  • Premature babies.
  • Low birthweight.
  • Parents that smoke.
  • Not breast-fed.
  • Overheating.
  • Sleeping prone on stomach.
38
Q

Prevention of SIDS?

A
  • Sleep on back.
  • Lack of pillows and stuffed animals (dress the child warmly).
  • Make the child sleep alone, not with parents.
39
Q

What is CONI?

A

Care of next infant

40
Q

What does coni involve?

A

nurse visiting and supervising babies born after the death of a previous infant.
• They make sure they baby is weighed regularly, attend clinics etc.

41
Q

What may parents use to help prevent SIDS?

A

Apnoeic alarm

Human Development (8 decks)

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