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ENT > Anatomy- The ear > Flashcards

Anatomy- The ear Flashcards

1
Q

what bounds the external ear

A

pinna

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2
Q

what is the pinna formed from

A

neural crest cells

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3
Q

what are the functions of the ear

A

hearing (auditory system, cochlear)

balance (vestibular system, semicircular canals)

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4
Q

which bone holds all the parts of the ear

A

temporal

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5
Q

what nerves exist in the temporal bone

A

CN VIII (vesticulococclear) (stays in bone) and CN VII (facial) (passes through bone)

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6
Q

what is the pterion

A

H shaped structure where frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones join
thinnest part of the skull

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7
Q

what forms the squamous part of the temporal bone

A

1st pharyngeal arch from the neural crest

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8
Q

what do the digastric muscle attach to

A

styloid process

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9
Q

what bone can infection of the middle ear blow out

A

mastoid process

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10
Q

what does the styloid process form from

A

2nd arch

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11
Q

what forms the zygomatic arch

A

zygomatic process of the temporal bone

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12
Q

what can rupture of the pterion cause

A

epidural haematoma

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13
Q

were does the facial nerve exit the temporal bone

A

stylomastoid foramen

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14
Q

what nerves could a pathology in the internal accoustic meatus develop

A

CNs VII and VIII

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15
Q

what nerves come out of the jugular foramen

A

CN 9, 10 and 11

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16
Q

what are the roles of the facial nerve

A 
motor to face 
motor to stapedius 
taste to anterior 2/3rds of tongue 
secretomotor to salivary glands and lacrimal gland
general sensation to external ear
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17
Q

what is the role of the vestibulocochlear nerve

A

balance

hearing

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18
Q

what is the labyrinthine artery

A

branch of anterior inferior cerebellar artery from circle of willis

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19
Q

what is in the internal accoustic meatus

A

CN VII, CN VIII, labyrinthine artery and vein

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20
Q

what is the circle of willis

A

blood supply to the brain and brain stem

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21
Q

everything supplied by the facial nerve is from what pharyngeal arch

A

2nd

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22
Q

what makes up the external ear

A

the auricle to the tympanic membrane (via the external acoustic meatus)

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23
Q

what is the role of the external ear

A

collects and conveys sound waves to the tympanic membrane

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24
Q

what makes up the middle ear

A

tympanic membrane to oval window + eustachian tube (aka auditory tube, pharyngotympanic tube)

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25
Q

what is the role of the middle ear

A

amplifies and conducts sound waves to the internal ear

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26
Q

what makes up the internal ear

A

oval window to the internal acoustic meatus

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27
Q

what is the role of the internal ear

A

converts special sensory information into fluid waves, then APs
then conducts APs to the brain

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28
Q

what covers the oval window

A

the stapes (an ossicle)

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29
Q

what does the eustachian tube do

A

connects the tympanic cavity (middle ear) to the lateral wall of the nasopharynx

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30
Q

what does the ear cartilage form from

A

neural crest cells

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31
Q

is the external ear vascular

A

no gets nutrients from the skin

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32
Q

what type of cartilage in the external ear

A

elastic

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33
Q

where does the ear canal begin

A

at the external accoustic meatus

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34
Q

what makes up the ear canal

A

1/3rd cartilage 2/3rds bone

lined with skin

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35
Q

what does the ear canal produce

A

ear wax via ceruminous glands

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36
Q

what is the nerve supply to the external ear

A

outer half= C2,3 spinal nerves and CN VII
superior parts of EAM and most of the tympanic membrane= CN V3
inferior parts of EAM and tympanic membrane = vagus
facial nerve also does sensation (one of few areas where is does) around the concha of the auricle

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37
Q

what is the tragus

A

external convering of external acoustic meatus

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38
Q

where does the lymph from the lateral surface of the superior half of the auricle drain to (infront of the ear)

A

parotid

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39
Q

where does the lymph from the cranial surface of superior half (behind the ear)

A

mastoid lymph nodes (and deep cervical)

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40
Q

where does most of the auricle including the lobe drain its lymph to

A

superficial cervical lymph nodes

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41
Q

where does all lymph from auricle eventually drain to

A

deep cervical lymph nodes (in carotid sheath) then thoracic duct/ right lymphatic duct at venous angles

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42
Q

what is the EAM like in children - what does this mean for an otoscopic exams

A

short and straight

be careful not to damage the tympanic membrane when pulling auricle posteroinferiorly

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43
Q

how and what do you exam in an otoscopic exam

A

EAM and tympanic membrane
straighten EAM (n adults this is curved)
gently pull auricle posterosuperiorly

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44
Q

what is the umbo

A

the most inwardly depressed part of the tympanic membrane

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45
Q

where is the cone of light normally

A

directly anteroinferiorly

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46
Q

what is the pars tensa

A

the thick part of the tympanic membrane - posteroinferiorly

47
Q

what is the cone of light a good indicator of

A

that the part flaccida and pars tensa are in the correct places

48
Q

what is the nerve supply to the tympanic membrane

A

external surface- mostly CNV3 (auriculotemporal nerve)

internal surface CN IX

49
Q

what does the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) provide sensory innervation to

A 
middle ear cavity
eustachian tube
nasopharynx
oropharynx 
tonsils
50
Q

what three bones are in the middle ear

A

malleous
incus
stapes

51
Q

what 2 muscles are in the middle ear

A 
stapedius (facial nerve)
tensor tympani (V3)
52
Q

what nerves exist in the middle ear

A

facial nerve

glossopharyngeal

53
Q

where is the epitympanic recess

A

superior to the tympanic membrane

54
Q

how do auditory ossicles articulate

A

synovial joints

55
Q

what creates the umbo

A

handle of the malleus which is adherent to the internal aspect of the tympanic membrane

56
Q

where do the footplates of the stapes fit into

A

the oval window

57
Q

what is the mastoid antrum

A

air filled space in the petrous portion of the temporal bone

58
Q

what is the mastoid process

A

back part of temporal bone

59
Q

what is the chorda tympani and its role

A

branch of the facial nerve
travels through the middle ear between the malleus and incus
carries afferent special sensation from the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue
and parasympathetic secretomotor innervation to the submandibular and sublingual glands

60
Q

what innervates the tensor tympani muscle

A

V3

61
Q

what innervates the stapedius muscle

A

CN VII

62
Q

what is the aditus

A

‘doorway’ into the mastoid antrum from the epitympanic recess

63
Q

what can cause mastoiditis

A

(inflammation of the mastoid process)

spread of infection from the middle ear cavity

64
Q

what is the ear drum

A

the tympanic membrane

65
Q

what forms the bone prominence on the medial wall of the tympanic cavity

A

lateral semicircular canal

cochlear

66
Q

where is the middle ear (tympanic cavity)

A

in the petrous temporal bone

67
Q

what is the middle ear

A

in tympanic cavity p- from tympanic membrane to the lateral wall of the inner ear

68
Q

what is the mastoid

A

portion of temporal bone which contain air filled spaced

69
Q

what are the auditory and pharyngotympanic tubes

A

other names for the eustachian tube

70
Q

what does the eustachian tube do

A

connects the anterior wall of the middle ear cavity to the nasopharynx

71
Q

what is the nerve supply to the eustachian tube

A

CN IX

why tonsilitis can mimic earache

72
Q

what is the sensory innervation to the laryngopharynx

A

mostly from vagus

73
Q

what is the adenoid

A

the pharyngeal tonsil- a mass of enlarged lymphatic tissue between the back of the nose and the throat

74
Q

why is otitis media (infection of the middle ear) more common in children

A

as eustachian tube open and short- easier for bacteria/ viruses to spread

75
Q

what is the mixed media of the facial nerve

A

has four axon types

  • special sensory
  • sensory
  • motor
  • parasympathetic
76
Q

what is the path of the facial nerve

A 
connects to brain stem at pontomedullary junction 
goes into internal accoustic meatus
goes through facial canal 
gives off chorda tympani branch 
comes out stylomastoid foramen
supplies muscles of facial expression
77
Q

what is the role of the facial nerve

A

motor- muscles of facial expression, digastric, stylohoid, stapedius muscles

sensory- around concha of the auricle

special sensory- taste to anterior 2/3rds of the tongue

parasympathetic- submandibular, sublingual glands, nasal, palatine and pharyngeal mucous glands, lacrimal glands

78
Q

what is the role of the stapedius

A

reduces stapes movement to protect the internal ear from excessive noise

79
Q

what does the chorda tympani go on to connect to

A

lingual nerve (branch of CN V3)

80
Q

where does CN V3 leave the base of the skull

A

foramen ovale

81
Q

what supplies the sublingual salivary gland

A

CN VII

82
Q

where do the muscles of facial expression originate and insert

A

originate on bone, insert into superficial fascia

83
Q

how do you test the muscles of facial expression (and therefore motor function of CN VII)

A

frown- frontalis
close eyes tightly- orbicularis oculi
smile- elevators
maintain puffed out cheeks (can hold in air when you tap cheeks)- orbicularis oris

84
Q

what gives the appearance of sunken cheeks

A

loss of the buccal fat pad

85
Q

what is the vermillion border

A

border of the lips

86
Q

where is the inner ear

A

in petrous part of the temporal bone

87
Q

what are the two parts of CN VIII

A

vestibulocochlear
cochlear nerve- hearing
vestibular nerve- balance

88
Q

what is in the otic capsule

A

bone labyrinth- fluid (perilymph) filled spaces

89
Q

what is suspended within the perilymph of the bony labyrinth

A

membranous labyrinth- communicating sacs and ducts

contains endolymph fluid

90
Q

how many semicircular canals are there and what are they called

A

3
superior
lateral
posterior

91
Q

what is perilymph

A

fluid that fills the bony labyrinth- floats the membranous labyrinth

92
Q

what is the cupula

A

the apex of the spinal (cochlear)

93
Q

hoe many turns does the cochlear have

A

2.5

94
Q

what does the perilymph communicate with

A

central nervous system

95
Q

what is the cochlear duct

A

long balloon structure within the cochlear filled with endolymph

96
Q

what conducts AP from the cochlear to the brain stem

A

the cochlear nerve

97
Q

what are the semicircular ducts filled with

A

endolymph

98
Q

what conducts APs from the semicircular ducts to the brainstem

A

the vestibular nerve

99
Q

where is the cochlear nerve

A

in the cochlear duct

100
Q

what is the organ of corti

A

receptor organ for hearing within the cochlear

101
Q

what stimulates hair cells in the vestibular apparatus

A

movement of endolymph

102
Q

what are maculae

A

regions of clusters of hair cells in the vestibular apparatus

103
Q

what do the semicircular ducts detect

A

angular movement change

104
Q

what do the utricle and saccule detect

A

linear movement changes

  • utricle= horizontal
  • saccule= vertical
105
Q

describe the path of sound transmission within the inner ear

A

sound waves make the tympanic membrane vibrate
vibrations transmitted through ossicles
base of stapes vibrates in oval window
hair cells in the cochlear are moved
AP stimulated and conveyed to brain by cochlear nerve
pressure eaves descend and become vibrations again
pressure waves dampened at the round window

106
Q

what is the function of the round window

A

to dissipate the forces created through the oval window

107
Q

what in the cochlear detects auditory stimuli

A

receptor cells in the organ of corti

108
Q

where is the organ of corti

A

basilar membrane of the cochlear duct

109
Q

what suspends the cochlear duct

A

spiral ligament

110
Q

what does the cochlear duct divide the cochlear canal into

A 
scala vestibuli (sound in) 
scala tympani (sound out)
111
Q

which nerves connect with the brainstem at the pontomedullary junction

A

CN VII and CN VIII

112
Q

what is the pontomedullary junction between

A

pons and medulla oblongata

113
Q

what is the path of CN VIII

A

two types of fibres join in the pons
exits the cranium via the internal acoustic meatus
splits to go to either cochlear (cochlear nerve axons) or vestibular aparatus (vestibular nerve axons)

ENT (27 decks)

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