Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immunology > Test One > Flashcards

Test One Flashcards

1
Q

Antigen

A

Substance which induces an immune response, also called immunogenicity, many can be found on single microbe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Epitope

A

Portion of antigen molecule that antibody binds; many epitomes can be on a single antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hapten

A

Small antigens that bind antibodies but cannot initiate immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Antimicrobial peptide

A

Target pathogenic microorginisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Complement

A

Plasma proteins tat enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens, kill microbes, opsonize microbes and activate leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Acute phase proteins (APPs)

A

Blood proteins whose plasma concentrations change in response to tissue injury, accuse infectious, burns, or inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cytokines

A

Cell signaling molecules that aid cell communication in immune responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Chemokines

A

Subfamily of cytokines that induce chemotaxis (movement) in nearby cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Phagocytes

A

Ingest and digest microbes, include neutrophils and macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Macrophage

A

Fulfill tissue specific functions, enter blood as monocytes and become mature macrophage in resident organ
act as APC to T cells, link between innate and adaptive immunity
secrete cytokines that stimulate inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Antigen presenting cell to T cells in lymph nodes, link between innate and adaptive immunity
Have membrane extensions called dendrites
Use phagocytosis, endocytosis, and penny to sis to acquire Ags

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Classical DC

A

Reside in skin, mucosa ,and parenchyma

Travel to lymph nodes when activated to present Ag to T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Plasmacytoid DC

A

Recognize intracellular viruses and produce IFN (interferons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

B cells

A

Produce and secrete antibodies
Give rise to humoral immunity, recognize soluble antigens
Mature in bone marrow
act as antigen presenting cell (APC) to T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Plasma cell

A

Terminally differentiated B cell that secretes antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

T cell

A

Mature in thymus

Give rise to cellular immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

T-helper cells

A

Recognize antigen on surface of antigen presenting cell then secrete cytokines to stimulate a response
Activate macrophages, help B cells produce antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Directly destroy affected cells of which it recognizes antigen on the cell surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Regulatory T cell

A

Suppress immune response (ex. Self antigens)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Active immunity

A

Host response to antigen leds to lymphocyte memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Passive immunity

A

Transferring of antibodies or lymphocytes to another individual, does not result in memory
(Ex. Mother transfers antibodies to fetus in womb)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Naive cells (ex. T or B)

A

Have not yet been exposed to antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

High endothelium venules (HEV)

A

Post capillary venules
Allow entry of lymphocytes into secondary lymphoid organs
Have PNAds (peripheral node addressins) which act as ligand for L-selectins expressed on lymphocytes
Express CCL19 and CCL21 (chemokine ligands which help to recognize lymphocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Antigen presenting cells (APC)

A

Capture, process, and display antigens to T-cells
Include dendritic cells, macrophages, and activated B cells
only DC can activate naive T cells in lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Recirculation

A

Ability of lymphocytes to enter secondary lymphoid organs, reside there, then re-enter circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Leukocyte homing

A

Migration out of blood and into the peripheral tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Addressins

A

Adhesion molecules on surface of HEV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Become active in response to IL-12 (released by macrophages) Lyse infected cells by recognizing cell surface ligands
Release IFN-gamma which activates macrophages to degrade phagocytosed material
Regulate chronic inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Mannose-binding lectin. (MBL)

A

Activates lectin pathway of complement

Soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

C-reactive proteins

A

Pentraxin
Ospinizes microbes
Activates complement by binding C1q
Acute Plasma Protein (APP)
Synthesized by liver in response to IL-1 and IL-6
Recognize phosphorylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine on bacteria and apoptic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

TNF

A

Cytokine
Stimulates inflammation and E- selectin and P- selectin expression on tissues at site of infection/damage
Secreted by mast cells and macrophages
Can lead to septic shock via: fever, acute phase protein synthesis, and increased leukocyte production in bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

IL-1

A

Cytokine
Stimulate inflammation and E- selectin and P-selectin expression on endothelial cells at site of infection/damage
Secreted by mast cells and macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

IFN alpha and Beta

A

Provide resistance to viral infection
Bind to receptors on infected cells leading to expression of genes that enhance cell’s susceptibility to CTL-mediated killing
Can also activate JAK-STAT on uninfected cells which will inhibit viral gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

IL-12

A

Cytokine that stimulates IFN-gamma production by NK and T cells
Controls T-cell immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

IFN-gamma

A

Cytokine, initiates macrophages
Produced by NK during innate response to stimulate MHC expression on APCs and enhance activation of T cells
Differentiates Bcells into plasma cells secreting IgG2 or IgG3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

IL-15

A

Cytokine

Stimulates proliferation of NK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

IL-10

A

Controls inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

TGFbeta

A

Controls inflammation

Differentiates B cells into plasma cells that secrete IgA or IgG2b leading to a mucosal defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

LFA-1

A

Lymphocyte function associated antigen
Expressed by all leukocytes
Binds ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 on activated epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

VLA-4

A

Very late antigen 4
Binds VCAM-1
Expressed by leukocytes (monocytes and Tcells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Alpha 4 beta 7 integrin

A

Expressed by leukocytes (monocytes, Tcells, Bcells)

Bind VCAM1 and MadCAM on endothelial cells in gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Mac-1

A

Expressed by neutrophils, monocytes, and dendritic cells

Bind ICAM-1 and ICAM-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

CCL-2

A

Controls monocytes transmigration

Mixed leukocyte recruitment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

CCL5

A

Mixed leukocyte recruitment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

CCL19

A

Bcell, Tcell, and dendritic cel migration into parafollicular zones of lymph nodes by activiating integrins and chemokines on surface of HEV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

CCL12

A

Bcell Tcell and dendritic cell migration into parafollicular zones of lymph nodes by activating inegrins and chemokines on surface of HEV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

CXCL8

A

Neutrophil recruitment

Present on epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

CXCL10

A

Effector Tcell recruitment (ex. Peripheral tissue)

Activate integrins and chemokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

CXCL12

A

Home naive Bcells to lymph node

Present on HEV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

CXCL13

A

Bcell and T follicular helper cells migration into follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

CXCL1

A

Tcell and NK recruitment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

CX3CL1

A

Tcell, NK, and monocytes recruitment

CTL and NK cell activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

PAMP

A

Pathogen-association molecular patterns
Have no structural similarities with self antigens
How innate immunity discriminates between self and non self
Recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Germline encoded

A

Sequence found in gamete producing cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

FMet

A

Formyl methionyl peptide
Present in prokaryotes but not eukaryotes
Initiates phagocytosis upon recognition

56
Q

TLR1:TLR2

A

Heterodimer toll like receptor

Recognizes bacteria and parasites

57
Q

TLR2:TLR6

A

Recognize gram positive bacteria and yeast

58
Q

TLR3

A

Recognize viruses

59
Q

TLR4:TLR4

A

Recognize gram positive bacteria

60
Q

TLR5

A

Recognize mobile bacteria having flagellum

61
Q

TLR7

A

Recognize viruses

62
Q

TLR8

A

Recognize viruses

63
Q

TLR9

A

Recognize bacteria and viruses

64
Q

TLR10:TLR10, TLR10:TLR1, TLR10:TLR2

A

Toll like receptors but it is unknown what they recognize

65
Q

NLR

A

Nod-like receptors

Intracellular proteins that act as scaffolding proteins in initiating NFKb and MAPK to control inflammatory caspaces

66
Q

Inflammatory

A

Signaling molecule created by NLR binding to another protein in response to PAMP or DAMP
Activates caspace-1

67
Q

SRs

A

Scavenger receptor family
Important in tissue remodeling after collateral damage due to inflammation and infections
3 classes: SRAI, SRAII, and MACRO
When expressed on macrophages and mediate phagocytic recognition
Are PRRs (pattern recognition receptors)
SRAI and SRAII mediate uptake f oxidized lipoproteins into cells which lead to atherosclerosis

68
Q

Lectin family PRRs

A

Recognize carbohydrates and trigger phagocytosis and complement lectin pathway

69
Q

DAMPs

A

Damage associated molecular patterns

Generated by necrosis

70
Q

Defensins

A

Antimicrobial peptides presented by epithelial cells, neutrophils, NK, and CTLs
Have direct toxicity to bacteria, fungi, and viruses,by disrupting membranes

71
Q

Cathelicidin

A

AMP (antimicrobial peptide) produced by neutrophils and barrier epithelial in skin, respiratory tract, and G.I. Tract
Have direct toxicity to microorganisms
Activate leukocytes
Some neutralize LPS (lipopolysaccharides)
Some are anti-inflammatory by binding DNA and blocking inflammasome activation

72
Q

SAP

A

Serum amyloid P
APP (acute phase protein)
Low in healthy individual but can increase 100 fold during infection
Synthesized by liver in response to IL-1 and IL-6
Recognize phosphorylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine on bacteria and apoptosis cells respectively
Can activate compliment by binding C1q

73
Q

Antibody

A

Immunoglobulin

74
Q

Selectins

A

Form weak interactions to cause rolling

75
Q

Integrins

A

Provide high affinity interactions, stopping lymphocytes

76
Q

CD44

A

Involved in mobilization of TCells in site of infections and inflammation
At these sites, E-selectins, P-selectins, and hyaluronic acid (HA) are being expressed
CD44 binds HA which triggers GPCR-dependent “inside-out” upregulation of VLA-4-VCAM

77
Q

IL-2

A

Promotes clonal expansion of specific Tcells

78
Q

IL-2

A

Clonal expansion of specific T cells
Proliferation of B cells
Differention of B cells into plasma cell displaying IgM leading to complement activation

79
Q

IL-4

A

Bcell proliferation
Bcell differentiation into plasma cell secreting IgE or IgG1 creating a response to allergens or plasma cell displaying IgM inducing complement activation

80
Q

TCR

A

Tcell receptor
Recognize peptides bound to MHC
Have alpha and beta chain

81
Q

CD4+T helper cells

A

Recognize Ag on MHC class II

82
Q

CD8+ helper T cells

A

Recognize Ag on MHC class I

83
Q

Th1 (helper T cell phenotype)

A

Produce IFN-gamma which activates macrophages to degrade intracellular microbe
Help development of cytotoxic T cells

84
Q

Th2 (phenotype of T helper cell)

A

Help B cells develop into memory and plasma cells

Produce IL-4 which causes B cell proliferation

85
Q

Primary follicle (in lymph node)

A

Absent of antigen stimulation

86
Q

Secondary follicle (in lymph node)

A

Antigen stimulated

A.K.A. “Germinal center”

87
Q

SIRR1

A

When expressed on lymphocytes, allows the cells to follow SIP gradient and exit lymph node

88
Q

P and E selectins

A

Expressed on activated endothelial cells

Expression is stimulated by mast cells and macrophages secreting IL-1 and TNF during infection

89
Q

L-selectin

A

Expressed on leukocytes and lymphocytes

Important for interacting with PNAd at HEV on LN

90
Q

PNAd

A

Peripheral node addressins
Ligand for L- selectins on lymphocyte and leukocytes
Cause rolling of lymphocytes and leukocytes

91
Q

ICAM 1, ICAM 2, VCAM-1, MasCAM

A

Present on epithelia, act in integrin interactions which stop lymphocytes in homing process

92
Q

List the extracellular TLRs

A

1,2,4,5,6

93
Q

List the endosomal TLRs

A

3,7,8,9

94
Q

List all TLRs that recognize bacteria

A 
TLR1:TLR2
TLR2:TLR6 (gram positive only)
TLR4:TLR4 (gram negative only)
TLR5 (mobile bacteria having flagellum)
TLR9
95
Q

List all TLR recognizing parasites

A

TLR1:TLR2

96
Q

List all TLR recognizing viruses

A

TLR3
TLR7
TLR8
TLR9

97
Q

Which TLR recognize yeast

A

TLR2:TLR6

98
Q

TLR activation sequence (extracellular)

A

Recognize pathogen —> activate MyD88 —> activate IRAK enzyme —> activate TRAF —> block IKB and activate MAPKK —> NF-KB can translate into nucleus —> inflammatory cytokines are produces

  • TLR3 and sometimes TLR4 use TRIF instead of MyD88 in this pathway
  • *IRF is another transcription factor that can be used in place of NF-KB
99
Q

Pyroptosis

A

Programmed cell death of DC and macrophages by swelling and loss of membrane integrity and release of inflammatory mediators
Caused by inflammasome cleaving IL-1beta and IL-18

100
Q

DAMPs

A

Damage associated molecular patterns
Ex. HMGB1 (receptor = rage), Uric acid, HSP
Activate NF-KB pathway

101
Q

MHC class I

A

Present peptides from intracellular microbes
Are recognized by CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
Expressed on all nucleated cells
Polymorphic alpha heavy chain is non covalently attached to B2M

102
Q

MHC class II

A

Presents extracellular pathogens

Are recognized by CD4+ helper T cells

103
Q

CD3

A

Are associated with TCRs to form transmembrane signaling complex an be made up of any two chains: alpha, beta, delta, gamma

104
Q

Dendritic cells present antigens to ____ and activates what

A

Dendritic cells present antigens to naive T cells which activates T cell differentiations

105
Q

Macrophages present antigens to ____ and activate what?

A

Macrophages present antigen to effector Tcells which activates macrophages (cell mediated immunity)

106
Q

Bcells present antigens to ____ to activate what?

A

B cells present antigens to effector T cells which activates B cells and antibody production

107
Q

CD40

A

Costimulatory protein on APCs
Their ligands are expressed by T cells
When bound, APCs are activated

108
Q

Fc fragment of antibody

A

Responsible for effector functions

109
Q

Fab fragment of antibody

A

Responsible for antigen binding

110
Q

Papain antibody cleavage

A

Cleaves IgG resulting in 2 Fab regions and an Fc region

111
Q

Pepsin antibody cleavage

A

Degrades Fc fragment

Fab2 remains intact

112
Q

V regions of antibody

A

Antigen binding site

113
Q

C regions of antibody

A

Determine the fate of the antigen

114
Q

List possible heavy chains of antibody

A

M, D, G, E, A

115
Q

List possible light chains of antibody

A

K, L

116
Q

Conformational determinant antigen recognition

A

Determinant can be lost (antibody will not recognize it) when denatured

117
Q

Linear determinant antigen recognition

A

Antibody can bind them in both native and denatured state

118
Q

Neoantigenic determinant antigen recognition

A

Determinant is near the site of proteolysis

119
Q

Affinity

A

Tightness of binding

Higher in memory response than primary response

120
Q

Valence

A

Maximum number of antigen determinants that an Ab can interact with

121
Q

Avidity

A

Overall strength of Ab-Ag complex

Depends on both affinity and valence

122
Q

IgG

A

Penetrates into deep tissue
Provides bulk of immunity to blood born pathogens
Only Ab to cross placenta, providing passive immunity
Valence = 2

123
Q

IgD

A

Antigen receptor on B cells

Valence = 2

124
Q

IgM

A

Found in plasma
Receptor on B cell
Valence = 10 (high avidity makes it very effective)

125
Q

IgA

A

Present in external secretions
Have secretory component
Synthesized locally at mammary glands, salvatory glands, respiratory tract, G.I. Tract, and mucosal surfaces
Prevent attachment or invasion of Ag to epithelial cells
Valence= 4

126
Q

IgE

A

Enhances acute inflammation during infection of worms and allergic reactions
Binds receptors on mast cells
Important in hay fever and asthma
Valence = 2

127
Q

IL-5

A

B cell proliferation and differention into plasma cell which displays IgM and induces complement

128
Q

C3a

A

Stimulates inflammation by attracting neutrophils

129
Q

C3b

A

Covalent you’re attaches to microbe and promotes phagocytosis (aka opsinize) by then binding to CRI on macrophage
Binds c3 converters forming c5 converters

130
Q

C5a

A

Chemoattractant that changes permeability of blood vessels

131
Q

C5b

A

Attaches to bacterial membrane and initiates formation of MAC

132
Q

MAC

A

Causes bacterial leak/lysis

C6C7C8C9 complex

133
Q

DAF

A

Blocks C2:C4b interaction

Regulates complement

134
Q

DAF and CR1

A

Dissociate C4bC2a

Regulates complement

135
Q

CRI and FI

A

Cleave C4b and C3b

Regulates complement

136
Q

FI

A

Prevents C3 convertase nd C5 convertase assembly

Regulates complement

Immunology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions