Endocrine System

Question 1

Exocrine glands function how?

• what’s an external environment?
• what’s secreted?

Answer 1

Exocrine glands release enzymes or other liquids into the EXTERNAL environment.

The external environment means the digestive tract and epithelial-lined orifices.

Substances released include sweat, oil, mucus, digestive enzymes, etc.

Question 2

Endocrine glands functionality?

• what does internal environment mean?
• what’s secreted?

Answer 2

Endocrine glands release hormones into the internal fluids of the body

e.g., blood, lymph, etc.

Question 3

Lipid soluble hormones require what for transport?

What’s their target?

Membrane permeability?

Answer 3

Lipid soluble hormones require a protein carrier or a micelle/vesicle for transport.

They act almost exclusively by binding to a receptor on or inside the nucleus and influencing transcription.

They diffuse easily through the lipid center of the membrane. They DO NOT require a cell membrane receptor.

They require a receptor where they act inside the cell.

Question 4

Peptide soluble hormones require what for transport?

What’s their target?

Membrane permeability?

Answer 4

Peptide soluble hormones are water soluble and dissolve in the blood readily.

The act at a variety of cell locations.

They’re hydrophilic and cannot dissolve through the membrane, so they need a membrane receptor.

Question 5

Pneumonic for remembering the pituitary gland hormones.

Answer 5

FLAT PEG

• picture a FLAT, TROPICal beach to remember that these are TROPIC
• a PEG goes DIRECTly into a plank of wood

F - FSH
L - LH
A - ACTH
T- TSG

P - prolactin
E - endophins
G - human Growth hormone (hGH)

Question 6

Tropic hormones

Answer 6

Act on other endocrine glands

FLAT

Question 7

Direct hormones

Answer 7

Hormones that act on another non-endocrine part of the body.

PEG

Question 8

Parathyroid

Answer 8

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 9

Pancreas hormones

Answer 9

Insulin

Glucagon

Question 10

Thyroid hormones

Answer 10

Calcitonin

Question 11

Embryo/Placenta hormones

Answer 11

hCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin)

Question 12

Steroid lipid soluble hormones

Answer 12

Cortisol and aldosterone (from the adrenal cortex)

Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone (from the gonads)

Question 13

Tyrosine derived hormones

Answer 13

T3 and T4 (from the thyroid)

Epinephrine and norepi. (from the adrenal medulla.)