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medical terminology > vocabulary Test 1 Chap 2 > Flashcards

vocabulary Test 1 Chap 2 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

anabolism

A

process of building up large protein pieces called amino acids.

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2
Q

catabolism

A

process whereby complex nutrients are broken down to simpler substances and energy is released.

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3
Q

cell membrane

A

Structure surrounding and protecting the cell. It determines what enters and leaves the cell.

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4
Q

chromosomes

A

rod-shaped structures in the nucleus that contain regions of DNA called genes. There are 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in every cell except for the egg and sperm cells, which contain only 23 individual, unpaired chromosomes.

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5
Q

cytoplasm

A

all of the material that is outside the nucleus and yet contained within the cell membrane

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6
Q

DNA

A

chemical found within each chromosome. arranged like a sequence of recipes in code, it directs the activities of the cell.

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7
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

network of canals within the cytoplasm of the cell. here, large proteins are made from smaller protein pieces

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8
Q

genes

A

regions of dna within each chromosome

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9
Q

karyotype

A

picture of chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell. the chromosomes are arranged in numerical order to determine their number and structure.

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10
Q

metabolism

A

total of the chemical processes in a cell. it includes catabolism and anabolism.

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11
Q

mitochondria

A

structures in the cytoplasm that provide the principal source of energy (miniature “power plants”) for the cell. Catabolism is the process that occurs in the mitochondria.

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12
Q

nucleus

A

control center of the cell. it contains the chromosomes and directs the activities of the cell.

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13
Q

adipose tissue

A

collection of fat cells

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14
Q

cartilage

A

flexible connective tissue often attached to bones at joints. cartilage forms part of the eternal ear and the nose. rings of cartilage surround the trachea

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15
Q

epithelial cells

A

skin cells that cover the outside of the body line the internal surfaces of organs.

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16
Q

histologist

A

specialist in the study of tissues.

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17
Q

larynx

A

voice box; located at the upper part of the trachea

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18
Q

pharynx

A

throat. serves as the common passsageway for food. (from the mouth going to the esophagus) and air (from the nose to the trachea)

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19
Q

pituitary gland

A

endocrine gland at the base of the brain

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20
Q

thyroid gland

A

endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck.

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21
Q

trachea

A

windpipe (tube leading from the throat to the bronchial tubes)

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22
Q

ureter

A

one of two tubes, each leading from a single kidney to the urinary bladder.

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23
Q

urethra

A

tube from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

24
Q

uterus

A

womb, the organ that holds the embryo/fetus as it develops

25
Q

viscera

A

internal organs

26
Q

muscle cells

A

long and slender and contains fibers that aid in contracting and relaxing

27
Q

nerve cell

A

may be long have various fibrous extensions that aid in its job of carrying impulses

28
Q

fat cell

A

contains large empty spaces for fat storage`

29
Q

tissues

A

a group of similar cells working together to do a specific job

30
Q

cell

A

the smallest living unit

31
Q

systems

A

groups of organs working together to perform complete functions

32
Q

digestive system

A

mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, intestines (small and large), liver, gall bladder, pancreas

33
Q

urinary or excretory system

A

kidneys, ureters (tubes from the kidneys to the urinary bladder), urinary bladder, urethra (tube from the bladder to the outside of the body)

34
Q

respiratory system

A

nose, phayrnx, larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes, lungs (where the exchange of gases take place)

35
Q

reproductive system

A

Female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus (womb), vagina, mammary glands
Male: testes and associated tubes, urethra,penis, protrate glands

36
Q

endocrine system

A

thyroid gland (in the neck), pituitary gland (at the base of the brain), sex glands (ovaries and testes), adrenal glands, pancreas (islets of Langerhans), parathyroid glands

37
Q

nervous system

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves and collections of nerves

38
Q

circulatory system

A

heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries)

39
Q

musculoskeletal system

A

muscles, bones and joints

40
Q

skin and sense organs

A

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands: ear, eye, nose and tongue

41
Q

abdominal cavity

A

space below the chest containing organs such as the liver, stomach, gallbladder and intestines; also called the abdomen or peritoneal cavity.

42
Q

cranial cavity

A

space in the head containing the brain and surrounded by the skull.

43
Q

diphragm

A

muscle separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities. It moves up and down and aids in breathing

44
Q

dorsal (posterior)

A

pertaining to the back

45
Q

medaistinum

A

centrally located space outside of and between the lungs

46
Q

pelvic cavity

A

space below the abdomen containing portions of the intestines, rectum, urinary bladder and reproductive organs. Pelvic means pertaining to the pelvis, composed of the hip bones surrounding the pelvic cavity

47
Q

peritoneum

A

double-folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity. the peritoneum attaches abdominal viscera to muscles and functions as a protective membrane (containing blood vessels and nerves) around the organs

48
Q

pleura

A

double folded membrane surrounding each lung.

49
Q

pleural cavity

A

space between the pleural layers

50
Q

spinal cavity

A

space within the spinal column (backbones) containing the spinal cord. Also called the spinal canal

51
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

space in the chest containing the heart, lungs, bronchial tubes, trachea, esophagus, and other organs

52
Q

ventral (anterior)

A

pertaining to the front

53
Q

deep

A

away from the surface

54
Q

distal

A

far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure

55
Q

frontal (coronal) plane

A

vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions

56
Q

inferior (caudal)

A

below another structure

medical terminology (6 decks)

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