6.2.3 & 4 - Condensation polymers & carbon-carbon bond formation

Question 1

Condensation polymerisation

Answer 1

Joining two monomers with the loss of a small molecule e.g. H2O or HCl. Requires two DIFF functional group; no carbon-carbon bonds

Question 2

What are polyesters joined by

Answer 2

Ester linkages - COO

Question 3

Forming an ester w/ one monomer

Answer 3

Must have both -COOH/-OH groups (hydroxycarboxylic acid) or two -COOH/-OH (dicarboxylic acid/ diol)
OH group from -COOH and H from -OH form water

Question 4

Forming a polyester w/ two diff monomers

Answer 4

Must be a diol or dicarboxylic acid/ di acyl chloride

Question 5

Uses of polyesters

Answer 5

Clothing
Electrical insulation
Plastic bottles

Question 6

What are polyamides joined by

Answer 6

Amide linkages - CONH

Question 7

Forming polyamides from one monomer

Answer 7

Must have both -COOH and -NH2 (amino acids)

Question 8

Forming polyamides from two diff monomers

Answer 8

Dicarboxylic acid/ diacyl chloride w/ diamine

Question 9

Naming diacyl chloride

Answer 9

Longest carbon chain dioyl chloride

Question 10

Naming hydroxycarboxylic acids

Answer 10

no attached to -OH hydroxy longest chain oic acid

Question 11

Naming diamines

Answer 11

N,N diamino longest chain

Question 12

Acid hydrolysis of polyesters (H+/H2O)

Answer 12

Reforms monomers

Question 13

Alkali hydrolysis of polyesters (NaOH/H2O)

Answer 13

Forms -ol/-diol and carboxylate salt

Question 14

Acid hydrolysis of polyamides (H+/H2O)

Answer 14

Forms protonated amine groups and -COOH

Question 15

Alkali hydrolysis of polamides (NaOH/H2O))

Answer 15

Forms carboxylate salt and -NH2

Question 16

Formation of nitriles

Answer 16

Using haloalkanes

Using ketones/aledehydes

Question 17

Formation of nitriles w/ haloalkanes

Answer 17

Reacting NaCN in ethanol w/ a haloalkane 
Nucleophilic sub (substitutes a functional group, not just H)

Question 18

Formation of nitriles w/ ketones/ aldehydes

Answer 18

Reacting w/ HCN (poisonous so NaCN and H2SO4 is used instead)
Forms a hydroxynitrile

Question 19

Reduction of nitriles

Answer 19

Longest chain nitrile + 2 H2 (Ni)—> Amine

Question 20

Hydrolysis of nitriles

Answer 20

nitrile + 2H2O + dilute aq acid (heat) —> -COOH and ammonium salt

Question 21

Ways to increase carbon chain length w/ benzene

Answer 21

Alkylation - haloalkane and Friedel crafts catalyst

Acylation - acyl chloride w/ Friedel Crafts catalyst

Question 22

Acylation w/ acid anhydrides e.g. C4H6O3

Answer 22

Still requires a Friedel-Crafts catalyts
C2H3OOAlCl3- and C2H3O+
2H3OOAlCl3 - and H+ —> -COOH and AlCl3