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Movement Science 2 > Understanding Normal and Pathological Gait > Flashcards

Understanding Normal and Pathological Gait Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of normal gait?

A

A series of rhythmical, alternating movements of the trunk & limbs which result in the forward progression of the center of gravity.

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2
Q

What happens as normal gait speed increases?

A

Gait becomes a series of controlled falls.

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3
Q

What is a gait cycle and when does it begin and end?

A

A single sequence of functions by one limb. Beginning when reference foot contacts the ground and ending with subsequent floor contact of the same foot.

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4
Q

What is the standard toe out angle?

A

7-10 degrees

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5
Q

What is step length?

A

The distance between corresponding successive points of heel contact of the opposite feet.

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6
Q

What is the relationship between right and left step length in normal gait?

A

They are equal.

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7
Q

What is stride length?

A

Distance between successive points of heel contact of the same foot.

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8
Q

What is normal stride length?

A

2 times step length

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9
Q

What is the walking base?

A

Side-to-side distance between the line of the two feet

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10
Q

What is another name for walking base?

A

Stride width, base of support

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11
Q

Walking base will be ______ in those with balance issues.

A

Larger

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12
Q

What is cadence?

A

Number of steps per unit of time

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13
Q

What is normal cadence?

A

100-115 steps/min

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14
Q

Does it take more energy to maintain a faster or slower gait?

A

slower

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15
Q

What is normal walking base?

A

3-5 inches

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16
Q

What is velocity?

A

The distance covered by the body in a unit of time

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17
Q

What is velocity usually measured in?

A

m/s

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18
Q

True or False: Instantaneous velocity does not vary during the gait cycle

A

False, It does vary

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19
Q

How do you calculate average velocity?

A

step length x cadence

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20
Q

What is comfortable walking speed (CWS)?

A

The speed that requires the least amount of energy consumption per unit of distance

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21
Q

What is the average CWS?

A

80 m/min

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22
Q

What are the 2 phases of gait cycle?

A

Stance phase and swing phase

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23
Q

What is stance phase?

A

When the reference limb is in contact with the floor.

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24
Q

What is swing phase?

A

When the reference limb is not in contact with the floor

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25
Q

What are the two types of support?

A

single support and double support.

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26
Q

What is single support?

A

Only one foot is in contact with the floor

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27
Q

What is double support?

A

Both feet are in contact with the floor

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28
Q

What are the parts of stance phase?

A

Hell contact, foot-flat, midstance, heel-off, toe-off

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29
Q

What are the parts of swing phase?

A

Acceleration, midswing, and deceleration

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30
Q

What percentage of gait cycle do stance and swing take up?

A

60; 40

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31
Q

What percentage of gait cycle do single and double support take up?

A

40;20

32
Q

What happens when walking speed increases?

A

Stance phase decreases,swing phase increases, and double support decreases

33
Q

What is running?

A

Walking w/out double support

34
Q

What is the stance/swing ratio in running?

A

40;60

35
Q

What happens to the support in running?

A

Double support disappears and ‘double swing’ develops.

36
Q

Where is the body’s COG during walking?

A

Midway between the hips, a few cm infront of S2.

37
Q

Least energy consumption if COG travels in a ________ _______.

A

Straight Line

38
Q

What is vertical displacement?

A

The rhythmic up and down movement of the COG in gait.

39
Q

When is vertical displacement at its lowest point? Its highest?

A

double support, midstance

40
Q

What is average vertical displacement?

A

5cm

41
Q

What is the path of vertical displacement?

A

An extremely smooth sinusoidal curve

42
Q

What is lateral displacement?

A

The rhythmic side-to-side movement of the COG during walking

43
Q

When does lateral displacement reach it’s lateral limit?

A

Mid stance

44
Q

What is the average lateral displacement?

A

5cm

45
Q

What is the path of lateral displacement?

A

An extremely smooth sinusoidal curve

46
Q

What is overall displacement?

A

The sum of vertical and horizontal displacement

47
Q

What does overall displacement of COG look like from an AP view?

A

A figure 8

48
Q

What are the determinants of optimization in gait and what are they used for?

A

pel rotation; pel tilt; kn flex. in stance phase; ank mech.; ft mech.; and lat. disp. of body. Used to min. abnormal shifts of COG to reduce the energy consumption of gait.

49
Q

What is optimal pelvic rotation in gait and what does it do?

A

Forward rotation in the horizontal plane by ~8 degrees. Reduces the angles of hip felx. and exten. Enables a longer step length w/o lowering COG.

50
Q

What is optimal pelvic tilt in gait and what does it do?

A

5 Deg dip of swinging side in gait. In standing it’s a trendelenberg sign. It reduces the height of the apex of the curve of COG.

51
Q

What is optimal kn flex. in stance phase and what does it do?

A

~20 deg. It shortens leg in mid. of stance phase. Reduces height of apex of curve of COG.

52
Q

What does optimal ank mech in gait do?

A

Lengthens leg @ heel contact. Smoothens COG curve, reduces lowering of COG

53
Q

What does optimal ft mech in gait do?

A

Lengthens leg @ toe-off as ank moves from dorsiflex to plantar flex. Smoothens COG curve, reduces lowering of COG.

54
Q

What does optimal lat disp. of body in gait do?

A

Narrow walking base min. lat. disp. of COG. Reduces energy comsumption bc of reduced lateral acceleration and deceleration.

55
Q

What forces have the most significant influence on gait?

A

gravity, muscular contraction, inertia, and ground reaction force (GRF)

56
Q

The force that the ft exerts on the floor due to gravity and inertia is opposed by?

A

The GRF.

57
Q

GRF may be resolved into?

A

Horiz. and vert. components.

58
Q

Joint position and RF help with understanding what during gait?

A

muscle activity

59
Q

What is the position of the heel at initial heel contact?

A

Transient

60
Q

What muscles in the ankle, knee, and hip are active at heel-contact?

A

DF; Quad; Glut. max. & hamstrings.

61
Q

What type of muscled demand does gait have?

A

Low, 20-25% of max muscle strength, MMT of ~3+

62
Q

What are the common gait abnormalities?

A

Antalgic gait; Lat trunk bending; Funct leg-length discrepancy; Inc. walking base; inadeq. df control; and excessive kn exten.

63
Q

What is Antalgic gait and its causes

A

Stance phase on affected side in short. Inc. in stance on unaffected side. causes: OA, Fx, tendinitis

64
Q

What is abormal lateral trunk bending in gait and its causes?

A

Trendelenburg gait- unilat (Usual). Waddling gait-bilat. Causes: px in hip, hip abd wk, leg-length discrep, and abnormal hip joint

65
Q

In a normal hip how is joint reaction force (JRF) calculated?

A

JRF up the femur = Body weight+abductor force down the femur

66
Q

JRF is always ______ than body wght.

A

higher

67
Q

What is JRF?

A

Force generated w/in a joint in response to forces acting on the joint.

68
Q

What is JRF in the hip the result of?

A

The need to balance the moment arms of body wght and abd tension.

69
Q

What does JRF in the hip do?

A

maintain a level pelvis

70
Q

What are the joint reaction forces in SLR? single leg stance? walking? running?

A

2W; 3W; 5W; 10W

71
Q

What is functional leg length discrepancy and its common compensations?

A

Swing leg is longer than stance leg; Circumduction, hip hiking, steppage, vaulting

72
Q

What happens in abnormal inc walking base and what causes it?

A

walking base 5-10 cm; deformities- abd hip, valgus knee. Instability- Cerebellar ataxia, proprioception deficits

73
Q

What happens in gait with inadequate df control? causes?

A

Stance phase- foot slap; swing phase- toe drag; causes- wk tibialis ant., spastic plantar flexors

74
Q

What happens in gait with excessive knee exten. and what are common causes?

A

Loss of normal kn flex during stance phase; kn may go into hyper extension; genu recurvatum; causes- Quad weakness, quad spasticity, and knee flex weakness

75
Q

What is genu recurvatum?

A

hyperextension deformity of the knee

76
Q

What is the extra step in running gait?

A

The float when knee drive comes from hip/glutes and the rest of the leg hags relaxed

Movement Science 2 (6 decks)

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