Section 3

Question 1

is the study of the adverse effects of substances on living organisms. a discipline which makes use of information developed by a wide range of chemical, physical, biological and medical sciences in order to predict the likely adverse effects on man of an ever-increasing range of substances to which he is exposed.

Answer 1

toxicology

Question 2

concerned with the adverse effects on workers of substances handled in the workplace, although interest usually extends to adverse effects of products on consumers and of workplace effluents on the general public.

Answer 2

industrial toxicology

Question 3

the innate ability of substances to injure living things.

Answer 3

toxicity

Question 4

the prediction of the toxic effects that will be evident under defined conditions of exposure.

Answer 4

hazard assessment

Question 5

is the prediction of the probability that defined toxic effects will occur under defined conditions of exposure in a single person or a defined population.

Answer 5

risk assessment

Question 6

covers a wide range of materials including single chemical compounds or mixtures of these, simple or complex naturally occurring or synthetically produced substances and micro-organisms. may be chemically pure or contain additives or impurities and may be in the form of solids, liquids, gases, dusts, fibres, fumes or aerosols

Answer 6

substance

Question 7

toxic effects of a substance depend upon:

Answer 7

Its physical form.
The dose.
The route of entry.
Its absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.

Question 8

When ground or crushed, dusts result and can be inhaled, ingested or contaminate the skin.

Answer 8

solid

Question 9

Can be swallowed or contaminate the skin

Answer 9

liquids

Question 10

Can be inhaled or contaminate the skin.

Answer 10

Gases
Vapours
Fumes
Mists
Aerosols

Question 11

Exposure Concentration x Time

Answer 11

dose

Question 12

the product of the concentration of the substance the worker is exposed to and duration of exposure.

Answer 12

dose

Question 13

is the least significant route of entry in industry while in environmental toxicology it is the most.

Answer 13

ingestion

Question 14

accounts for approximately 90% of industrial poisoning.

Answer 14

inhalation

Question 15

The three main routes of entry of toxins into the body are

Answer 15

via inhalation, the skin and ingestion.

Question 16

Once substances have entered the body they can be distributed around the body through the blood supply bound to plasma proteins or to red cells.

Answer 16

distribution

Question 17

is another potential route of entry in some circumstances, for example from needlestick injuries, spray paint or grease injection into the skin, tattooing and inoculation.

Answer 17

injection

Question 18

Substances which are distributed through the body then tend to be metabolised. The main site of metabolism is the liver, although the kidneys, lungs and skin can metabolise some chemicals. Metabolism can convert a toxic substance to a non-toxic one and vice versa

Answer 18

metabolism

Question 19

This takes place mainly through the kidneys via the urine, but also via bile (high molecular weight compounds), lungs (volatile hydrocarbons excreted unchanged), gastric juices (nicotine), breast milk (pesticides) and skin (iron). The more rapidly excretion takes place the less likely is a toxin to damage the body. Excretion products are often used to monitor work exposure.

Answer 19

excretion

Question 20

The body’s response to toxins depends on several variables:

Answer 20

age, sex, underlying illness, medication, alcohol, smoking, individual

Question 21

The interpretation of toxicological reports should be left to those who are trained and experienced in such activities. is a standard way of communicating toxicology and other relevant information about substances. Much of the work involved in assessing workplace hazards can be carried out by accessing

Answer 21

safety data sheets (sds) or Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

Question 22

This gives details of the different chemicals contained within the material. It will often list the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) number for each chemical is contains. The CAS number is a unique number which is assigned to most of the chemicals used in industry.

Answer 22

Composition/Data on components:

Question 23

This includes the trade name, as well as manufacturer/supplier details. It may also give emergency information such as contact names and telephone numbers.

Answer 23

identification of substance

Question 24

The material will be classified under a number of categories and described with pictograms.

Answer 24

hazard identification

Question 25

Advice about how to deal with workers who have been exposed under different circumstances.

Answer 25

first aid measures

Question 26

Do’s and don’ts of fire extinguishing e.g. what type of fire extinguisher to use.

Answer 26

Fire fighting measures:

Question 27

The procedures to be followed in case of accidental release of the chemical, including methods to be used to clean up spills.

Answer 27

Accidental release measures:

Question 28

Giving information on the precautions such as flammables cabinets and temperature limitations.

Answer 28

Handling and storage:

Question 29

Outlines requirements such as Personal Protective Equipment and ventilation.

Answer 29

Exposure controls and personal protection:

Question 30

e.g. the form (solid/liquid/gas), colour, odour, melting and boiling points.

Answer 30

Physical and chemical properties:

Question 31

Properties such as thermal decomposition and conditions to be avoided.

Answer 31

Stability and reactivity:

Question 32

Details such as acute and chronic effects on man and animals.

Answer 32

Toxicological information:

Question 33

How the material might affect the environment if it is released beyond the workplace.

Answer 33

Ecological information:

Question 34

Any special requirements associated with disposal of the material.

Answer 34

Disposal considerations:

Question 35

generally as a list of codes indicating the dangers associated with the chemical.

Answer 35

Transport information:

Question 36

Relevant legislation for the country in which the material is used.

Answer 36

Regulations:

Question 37

Any information which is relevant.

Answer 37

Other information