Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 261 > LEC EXAM #1 CHP 2 > Flashcards

LEC EXAM #1 CHP 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Organic chemicals found in living organisms come in 4 categories:

A
  • carbs
  • lipids
  • fats
  • nucleic acids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Carbs:

A
  • sugars in humans/starches in plants

- body uses first for fuel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Lipids:

A

fats, phospholipids, steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Nucleic acids:

A

RNA & DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

2 simple carbs:

A

Monosaccharide

Disaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Complex carb:

A

Polysaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Monosaccharides:

A

3-7 carbon atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

3 examples of monosaccharides:

A
  • glucose
  • galactose
  • fructose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where is glycogen stored in animals?

A

Liver and skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Dehydration synthesis reactions occur between:

A

Glucose molecules to form glycogen branches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The process of breaking down disaccharides into two monosaccharides so they can fit through the plasma membrane, as well as forming a disaccharide out of two monosaccharides is called:

A

hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

3 examples of disaccharides:

A
  • sucrose= glu+ fru
  • maltose= glu+ glu
  • lactose= glu+ gal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Disaccharides:

A

2 simple sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Polysaccharide is:

A

many monosaccharides condensed by dehydration synthesis to form polymer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Dietary fiber function:

A

keep digestive tract moving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ex of fiber:

A
  • oat bran
  • legumes
  • fruits and veggies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Lipids are transported by:

A

LDL and HDL lipoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Free fatty acids are transported by:

A

Albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

3 ex of lipids:

A

Triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How are triglycerides transported in the the blood?

A

VLDL (very low density lipoproteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

1 important function of triglycerides:

A

Attract and store lipid-soluble vitamins A, D, E, K, drugs, and toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Fatty acid/tails structure:

A

Long chains of carbon and hydrogen with a polar carboxylic acid group (COOH) at one end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are our 2 essential fatty acids?

A

omega-3 and omega-6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Associated with healthy brain and nerve function and decreased body inflammation:

A

Omega-3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where can you find omega-3 fatty acids:

A

salmon, sardines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Associated with inflammation:

A

Omega-6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where can you find omega-6?

A

eggs, animal meat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Fatty acids can be either:

A

-saturated (single bonds)
or
-unsaturated (double bond)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

2 ex of unsaturated fatty acid:

A
  1. monounsaturated

2. polyunsaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Single bonds:

A
  • solid at room temp

- pack together tightly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Double bonds:

A
  • liquid at room temp

- kink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Ex of sat/unsat fat:

A

Saturated: Butter

Unsaturated: Oil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

When hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the carbon to carbon double bond:

A

Cis configuration

34
Q

When the hydrogen atoms are on the opposite sides of the double bond:

A

Trans configuration

35
Q

Phospholipid structure:

A
  • Phosphate group + 2 fatty acid tails

- main component of cellular membrane

36
Q

What effects proteins?

A

Temp and ph

37
Q

4 things steroids are made up of:

A
  • cholesterol
  • estrogen and testosterone
  • cortisteroids and calcitriol
  • bile salts
38
Q

Cholesterol: (3)

A
  • aids with stability
  • insoluble in water
  • transported by lipoproteins
39
Q

High in cholesterol and low in protein:

A

LDL (low-density lipoproteins)

40
Q

Contain more protein than cholestrol:

A

HDL (high-density lipoproteins)

41
Q

The body cannot synthesize:

A

essential amino acids

42
Q

Proteins are made up of:

A

20 amino acids

43
Q

LDL’s function:

A

carry cholesterol and triglycerides from liver to body cells

44
Q

HDL’s function:

A

scavenge excess cholesterol from body and return it to liver

45
Q

Amino acid structure: (5)

A
  • carbon
  • hydrogen
  • amino group (-NH2)
  • carboxylic acid group (-COOH)
  • different R group for each
46
Q

What gives amino acids their chemical properties (polar/non-polar, charged/non-charged)

A

R-group

47
Q

Hooking amino acids together requires a dehydration synthesis between:

A
  • amino group of one amino acid
  • carboxylic acid group of another amino acid
  • producing a PEPTIDE
48
Q

Primary-quaternary structure of amino acids:

A
  • primary: amino acids along polypeptide
  • secondary: hydrogen bonds form a-helix of b-pleated sheet
  • tertiary: secondary structure folds into unique shape
  • quaternary: final shape (several tertiary structures together)
49
Q

2 structural classes of proteins:

A
  • fibrous (keratin): strong

- globular (hemoglobin)

50
Q

Proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions and decrease the activation energy of the reaction:

A

enzymes

51
Q

The energy required to start a chemical reaction:

A

Activation energy

52
Q

What do enzymes bind to and stress its bonds to decrease the energy required to break the bonds:

A

Substrates

53
Q

Enzymes inhibited by:

A
  • heat
  • ph
  • mercury (Hg)
54
Q

4 generic nucleotides that we have:

A
  • adenine
  • guanine
  • thymine
  • cytosine
55
Q

Found in RNA only:

A

Uracil, replaces thymine in DNA

56
Q

DNA nucleotide structure:

A

Phosphate + deoxyribose sugar + nitrogenous base

57
Q

Which nitrogenous base pairs with which nitrogenous base for DNA?

A

A=T

C=G

58
Q

Function of DNA: (4)

A
  • stores genetic info in the form of genes
  • carried inherited characteristics
  • controls enzyme production
  • controls metabolism
59
Q

Which nitrogenous base pairs with which nitrogenous base for RNA?

A

A=U

C=G

60
Q

Function of RNA:

A

Takes codes from DNA and translates into proteins

61
Q

RNA nucleotide structure:

A

Single stranded with a ribose and phosphate backbone

62
Q

What are the only 2 vitamins that can be synthesized by the body?

A

D and K

63
Q

How many essential vitamins do we need?

A

13

64
Q

Vitamin D is synthesized in the body using:

A

Sunlight

65
Q

Vitamin D is found in:

A

Dairy

66
Q

Vitamin D function:

A

Absorption

67
Q

Vitamin K is required for:

A

blood clotting

68
Q

Where do we get Vitamin K from?

A

Bacteria living in our large intestine and green-leafy veggies

69
Q

Hydrophobic vitamins:

A

Not soluble in water

A, D, E, K

70
Q

Hydrophilic vitamins:

A

Can be dissolved in plasma

71
Q

Which vitamins do we urinate out?

A

Hydrophilic

72
Q

Excess hydrophobic vitamins in body tissues can lead to:

A

toxicity

73
Q

Why are minerals necessary? (3)

A
  • fluid balance
  • muscle and nerve function
  • building bones and teeth
74
Q

Bind free radicals and prevent them from doing damage

A

Antioxidants

75
Q

Essential amino acids come from out diet:

A

Beef, fish, eggs, nuts, dairy

76
Q

How do we activate enzymes? (3)

A
  • vitamins/minerals
  • ATP
  • increase temp
77
Q

Which vitamins stay in our tissues?

A

Hydrophobic vitamins

78
Q

HDL level?

A

> 60 mg/ 100 ml of plasma

79
Q

LDL level?

A

<100 mg/ 100 ml of plasma

80
Q

Triglyceride level?

A

<150 mg/ 100 ml of plasma

BIOL 261 (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions