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Biology > The Origin And Diversification Of Eukaryotes > Flashcards

The Origin And Diversification Of Eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the dichotomy of cells

A

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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2
Q

Which cell came first

A

Prokaryotes

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3
Q

What is something shown in the first slide that eukaryotic cells can do that prokaryotic can not?

A

A drastic change in shape to engulf another cell

Certain eukaryotic cells can do this because of a complex cytoskeleton

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4
Q

What does cytoskeleton mean

What is it made up of

A

Skeleton of the cell

It is a framework to keep things in place in the cell.

Continuously changing structure

It is a complex set of proteins 3 sets

Microtubials
Intermediate filaments
Microfilaments

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5
Q

When did eukaryotic cells come into existence

A

At least we About 1.8 bya based on fossil evidence

There was a variety of cell fossils at this time suggesting that the first eukaryotes must have come earlier

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6
Q

What happened about 1.8 to 1.3 bya for eukaryotes that is it’s on category

A

The initial eukaryotes and then diversification

All unicellular but developing cell types

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7
Q

1.3 bya to 750 mya

A

Appearance of novel feature or things that didn’t exist before

Evolution of eukaryotic photosynthesis

First sexual reproducing organisms

True complex multicellularity- not just multiple cells but multiple types doing different stuff - everything is still small however

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8
Q

From about 635 mya to present is where what happened to eukaryotes?

A

Animals plants and fungi came about

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9
Q

How did eukaryotic cells come to be

A

Based on cell theory

Eukaryotic cells came from prokaryotic cells that evolved

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10
Q

What is a differences in the name between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

Membrane bounded organelles and membrane bounded nucleons

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11
Q

Prokaryotes to eukaryote

A

An anaerobic Archean, didn’t not undergo aerobic respiration, was a free living cell eating other things didn’t have nucleus

Nucleor envelope evolved, the plasma membrane has envaginasions that fold towards the DNA rapping around nicleoid until it’s enclosed

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12
Q

The nucleus in a eukaryotic cell that explains how it came from prokaryotes based on the membrane

A

There is two membranes - the nucleor envelope is two phospholipid bilayer
And then the pinch off leads to eneoplamic reticulum

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13
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

For appearance of mitochondria and chloroplast

A

Engulfed bacterium survived being eaten and lived inside cell- endosymbiosis

This bacteria was capable of aerobic respiration
Phagocytosis

First mitochondria. - also are doubly membrane bounded. Outer membrane is like cell. Inner is like membrane of bacterium. Own DNA( linear chromosomes) in nucleus, mitochondrial ( circular chromosomes) DNA. Cell has ribosomes and then mitochondrial ribosomes. Mitochondria reproduce themselves through binary fusion

Now doing aerobic cellular respiration inside cell

Same thing happened with a photosynthetic bacterium leading to the chloroplast- this came later cause not all eukaryotes are photosynthetic

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14
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The process of a cell eating another cell

Rapping blasma membrane around the thing being engulfed - then the piece of plasma membrane encoded the thing(bacterium) engulfed

First mitochondria. - also are doubly membrane bounded. Outer membrane is like cell. Inner is like membrane of bacterium. Own DNA( linear chromosomes) in nucleus, mitochondrial ( circular chromosomes) DNA. Cell has ribosomes and then mitochondrial ribosomes. Mitochondria reproduce themselves through binary fusion

Now doing aerobic cellular respiration inside cell

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15
Q

Cereal endosymbiosis

A

Primary endosymbiosis leads to another secondary and multiple membranes of the plastid

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16
Q

Colonial life of eukaryotes lead to

A

Evolved to make cells stick together making it easier to survive

This lead to cell types to diversify and multicellular organisms to come into existence

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17
Q

All animals are

A

Multicellular

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18
Q

Clade monophyletic

A

A taxon than include an ancestral or to everything and all the descendants

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19
Q

What is the sister taxon to animals

A

Choanoflagellates

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20
Q

Chanoflagellates are closely related to

A

Sponges. The choanocytes pretty much identical also DNA evidence

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21
Q

What defines a proteins function

A

The order of amino acids determines it conformation which gives it their function.

Domains- certain part of the protein giving its shape “CCD domain in animals”

22
Q

Cadherans

A

Proteins important in animals that allow adjacent cells to anchor them together. Important for multicellular organisms

23
Q

Domains of proteins

A

Are the part of a protein that gives it its function like a functional groups of and type of molecules

24
Q

Coanoflagellates don’t have

A

Ccd domain

And cadherans

25
Q

What are the four major subgroups within domain eukaryotes

A

Excavata

“SAR” Clade

Unikonta

Archaeplastida

26
Q

Protists

A

Informal group

Any eukaryote that is not an animal plant or fungus

27
Q

Alga ( plural for algae)

A

Any photosynthetic protist

So not a plant

28
Q

SAR

A

Straminapiles

Alvelotes

Rhizerlans

29
Q

Excavata

A

Get their name for excavated ridge on cell surface a lot of them have it

Vast majority are unicellular
Some are parasitic
Some are photosynthetic

30
Q

Animals are what sub group of domain eukaryea

A

Unikonta

31
Q

Protists have the most elaborate what if all life

A

Cells and their shape

32
Q

All strominapiles are

A

Photosynthetic

Brown algae and diatoms make up strominapiles

33
Q

How do diatoms make their outside

A

Excreted by the cell that lives inside it

Makes a case that’s two part around the cell
Made out of silicone dioxide or glass. Different shapes

The shell allows for protection. There is wholes so cell can communicate with surroundings

34
Q

What is the elaborateness of prokaryotes

A

Their biochemistry

35
Q

Brown algae

A

Apart of strominapiles

No roots but have holdfasts

Stipe

Blades

36
Q

Alveoli means what

A

Little sack

37
Q

Alvelotes in the SAR clade

A

Some are parasitic

Photosynthetic

38
Q

Celium means what

A

Hair

Is used by cells for locomotion and beat back and forth to propel cell through medium

Some are ciliated and stuck to the surface like the epithelium in body that is made up of ciliated cells that make mucus
Cilia sweeps the Debree that gets stuck and send it to the stomach

39
Q

Chromatophore is what

A

A kind of chloroplast

Maybe a second engulfing of an aerobic bacterium

Rhizerian

40
Q

Archaeplastidida

A

Means old plastids

All photosynthetic

Red algae

Chlorophytes -green algae

Charophyte -green algae

Land plants

All have plastids because they are photosynthetic

41
Q

Pigments

A

A molecular that’s able to absorbed light at a certain wave length

Required for photosynthesis

42
Q

Paramecium

A

An example of an alvelote

Specifically a ciliate

43
Q

R part of SAR is the Rizarions

A

Idk 1:03

44
Q

What makes the difference in brow red or green algae

A

Particular pigment used by the organism.

A particular light observed by they organism

They look different colors to us because of the light that strikes them

They absorb some colors and reflect colors that we see

45
Q

Which is most closely related to plants charophytes or chlorophytes. Both of which are green algae

A

Charophytes are most closely related

46
Q

Slime molds

A

Blurred the line between uniceellularity and multicellularity

Asexual and sexual part of their life cycle

Closely related to humans. They are haploid individuals who

47
Q

Amoeba

A

Any cell that moves by pseudopodial locomotion ( false feet)

Acts like a leg to walk on then gets put back into the cell

48
Q

Lifestyle of slime molds

A

They will live part of their life as unicellular and the if the co situons are good ie moisture and food, they will reproduce sexually

Haploid amoebas can act as gametes to produce a diploid zygote , and then the unicellular zygote immediately undergoes meiosis, unlike humans, to produce more cells

If food runs out or water dries up they become multicellular millions of amoebas coming together into a mass, looks like snot

The snot will go to better conditions where some of the cells will die out and then and stock forms with fruiting bodies that produce more amoebas asexually

49
Q

What does a community have to have

A

Producers because consumers need the producers

50
Q

Prokaryotic produces

A

Phytoplankton-photosynthetic plankton

Plankton refers to really small organisms that drifts in the ocean

Phyto means plant but they are not plants

Zooplankton- plankton the consume phytoplankton

51
Q

Top position of food chain is what

A

A precarious position to be In Because it a dangerous place if if something goes wrong. They are the most likely to go extinct if they are on top of trophic structure

52
Q

Mutualistic symbiosis

A

Benefits both the host and the one living within like and termite and the unikont within that helps break down cellulose in wood

Biology (23 decks)

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