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Psychology > SAC 1 - Unit 3 - Nervous system and Stress > Flashcards

SAC 1 - Unit 3 - Nervous system and Stress Flashcards

1
Q

IV

A

Independent variable
The variable thats being manipulated.
Difference between the two groups (Control and Experimental)

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2
Q

DV

A

Dependant variable

The effect that the experimenter measures after the effect of the IV

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3
Q

EV

A 
Extraneous variable
Any difference (thats not the IV) that may affect the DV.
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4
Q

Types of neurons

A

Sensory neurons
Interneurons
Motor neurons

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5
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Carry information from the sense organs to the CNS via afferent tracts

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6
Q

Interneurons

A

Links sensory and motor neurons in brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

Motor neurons

A

Carry information from the CNS to muscles, glands and organs via efferent tracts

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8
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

From the PNS

Conscious processes

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9
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

From the PNS

Unconscious processes

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10
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

From the autonomic nervous system

Heightens arousal for fight-flight-freeze response

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11
Q

Fight-flight-freeze

A

Fight - stay and attack
Flight - run
Freeze - try going unnoticed
Initiated by the sympathetic nervous system
Prepares the body to confront a stressful situation to optimise the chance of survival

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12
Q

Structure of a neuron

A 
Dendrite
Axon 
Axon terminals 
Myelin 
Neurotransmitters (excitatory and inhibitory)
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13
Q

Dendrite

A

receives incoming neural information

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14
Q

Axon

A

the pathway down which the neural message travels

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15
Q

Axon terminals

A

exit pathways for nerual messages to make their way to the next neuron

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16
Q

Myelin

A

fatty tissue that encases the axon to aid in speed of transmission

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17
Q

CNS

A

Central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
Receive information from the PNS, process it and then responds

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18
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system

carries info from the sensory organs and internal organs to the CNS, then sends it to the muscles, organs and glands

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19
Q

Spinal cord

A

passes sensory information from PNS to the brain and passes motor information from the brain to the PNS

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20
Q

Brain

A

Regulates and guides all parts of the nervous system

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21
Q

a major function of the spinal cord

A

connect the brain and the spinal cord

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22
Q

where do sensory pathways carry information to

A

central nervous system

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23
Q

where do motor pathways carry information from

A

central nervous system

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24
Q

do sensory neurons carry information towards or away from the brain

A

afferent - towards

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25
Q

do motor neurons carry information towards or away form the brain

A

efferent - away

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26
Q

what is Parkinson’s disease

A

neurodegeneration (neuron breakdown) of dopamine-producing-neurons which results in the reduction of dopamine. neurons rely on dopamine to be either excited or not function normally

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27
Q

the autonomic nervous system controls the activities of ….

A

visceral muscles, organs and glands

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28
Q

which nervous system initiates skeletal muscle

movement

A

somatic nervous system

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29
Q

where does the peripheral nervous system transmit information between

A

sensory receptors, muscles, organs and glands and the central nervous system

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30
Q

what are the two divisions of the central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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31
Q

what are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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32
Q

somatic NS and autonomic NS :: involuntary or voluntary

A

somatic - voluntary

autonomic - involuntary

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33
Q

what are the two neurons in the somatic nervous system

A

sensory and motor nerouns

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34
Q

what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system

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35
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for

A

heightens arousal for flight-flight-freeze response

36
Q

what is the parasympathetic nervous system responsible for

A

returning the body to homeostasis

37
Q

Participants

A

the people (or animals) that are in the control or experimental group

38
Q

population

A

the group that the participants represent

39
Q

methods of sampling

A

random, connivence, stratified

40
Q

Research method groups

A

Independent groups
repeated measures groups
matched participants

41
Q

Independent groups

A

an experimental design where participants are randomly allocated to either the experimental group or control group

42
Q

repeated measures groups

A

an experimental design method where each participant is part of both the experimental group and control group

43
Q

matched participants

A

an experimental design where participants are paired (matched) on the basis of similar characteristics that can influence the DV, with one of the pair being allocated to the experimental group and the other to the control group.

44
Q

what is the substantia nigra

A

the part of the brain that is effected when a person gets Parkinson’s disease

45
Q

where is the substantial nigra located

A

midbrain

46
Q

chemical signals

A

are carried between neurons

47
Q

electrical signals

A

are carried within neurons

48
Q

order effect

A

changes in the DV caused by practise or experience, not the IV

49
Q

SAME

A

sensory
afferent
motor
efferent

50
Q

the PNS is made up of

A

muscles, organs and glands

51
Q

What triggers a spinal reflex

A
  • danger, threat, harm

- criticality of response

52
Q

Role of the interneuron and where it is

A
  • communicates between sensory and motor neurons otherwise the two cannot communicate
  • located in the CNS
53
Q

explain the process of neural communication

A
  • receptor site (skin)
  • sensory neurons via afferent pathways
  • afferent tracts in the spinal cord to the brain
  • interneruons in the brain communicate with motor neurons
  • motor neural information comes down via efferent tracts in the spinal cords and efferent pathways in the arm
  • effector site (muscle moves away)
54
Q

explain the process of the spinal reflex

A
  • a sensory neuron carries information to the spinal cord
  • the message reaches the spinal cord then the interneuron travels to the brain via afferent tracts
  • at the same time a motor neuron carries the message to effector (muscles or glands) which gets there faster then it does to the brain and thats why we react and then feel the pain a few seconds later
55
Q

biofeedback

A

a process by which we can control our autonomic nervous system functions

56
Q

role of neurotransmitter on post-synaptic neuron

A

excite neuron to fire

inhibit the neuron from firing

57
Q

neurotransmitter - key/lock

receptor site - key/lock

A

neurotransmitter - key

receptor site - lock

58
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters

A

cause a neuron to fire and hence stimulate a response

59
Q

glutamate

A

causes a reaction to fire therefore stimulating memory in your brain
essential for memory formation and learning

60
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

stop a neurone from firing

61
Q

GABA

A

calm and stop neurotransmitter from sending a response

essential for motor control, vision and decreasing anxiety

62
Q

dopamine

A

another excitatory neurotransmitter important for drive, motor movement and motivation

63
Q

GABA - glutamate
excitatory neurotransmitters
inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

excitatory neurotransmitters - glutamate

inhibitory neurotransmitters - GABA

64
Q

cause of Parkinson’s disease and where

A

neurodegeneration of dopamine- producing-neurons in the subtantia higra
the dopamine- producing-neurons are broken down which results in the reduction of dopamine.
neurons that rely on dopamine to be excited or inhibit can’t function normally

65
Q

motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

A
  • tremors at rest
  • muscle fidgety
  • slowness of movement
  • balance
  • posture
66
Q

chemical signals are

A

between neurons

67
Q

electrical signals are

A

carried within neurons

68
Q

eustress

A

perceived as a positive

69
Q

distress

A

perceived as a negative

70
Q

GAS model

A

biological and physiological stress response

71
Q

stage 1 of GAS model

A

alarm stage

  • sympathetic nervous system kicks in
  • cortisol is released
  • two sections 1 - shock 2- counter shock
72
Q

shock - GAS model

A
  • freeze
  • heart rate decreases
  • body temp decreases
73
Q

counter shock - GAS model

A
  • heart rate increases
  • digestion decreases
  • cortisol is released
74
Q

stage 2 of GAS model

A

resistance stage

  • immune system is suppressed
  • increases blood glucose for cellular energy
75
Q

stage 3 of GAS model.

A

exhaustion stage

-physical resources depleted and immune system still suppressed so you will most likely get sick

76
Q

primary appraisal

A

figuring out if this is a stressful situation

77
Q

secondary appraisal

A

if the situation is a threat, then do you have the reasources to cope ??

78
Q

lazarus and folk mans transactional model of stress

A
  • primary and secondary appraisal
  • looks at the way we interpret a stressful event
  • psychological response
79
Q

coping strategies

A

context-specific effectiveness - will it work in a particular situation
coping flexibility - change coping strategy to adapt to stressor
emotion focused - involves thoughts
problem focussed - involves action
avoidant - ignoring the stressor
approach - to face and then therefore reduce/remove stressor
exercise - release endorphins
breathing exercise - calming

80
Q

depolarisation

A

when negatives and positives swap after the neuron has reached action potential

81
Q

counterbalancing

A

a method used to control order effect, where half the participants in an experiment are exposed to the control condition first and the other half are exposed to the experimental condition first; this is then reversed in the second instance

82
Q

order effect

A

where prior knowledge of a task or situation influences a participants performance, which in turn influences the results of the experiment

83
Q

placebo effect

A

changes in behaviour are caused by the belief that one has been exposed to a treatment that will effect them in some way but it really has no active effect

84
Q

what is a confounding variable

A

an uncontrolled variable that has had an unwanted effect on the DV and might be confused with the effect of the IV

85
Q

acculturative stress

A

stress caused by attempting to psychologically and socially adapt to the demands and values of a foreign culture

Psychology (4 decks)

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