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Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

incontinence, abnormal gait, dementia

A

Normal pressure hydrocephalus

- decreased absorption of CSF

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2
Q

Side effects of levodopa/carbidopa

A

early: hallucinations, confusion, somnolence
late: dyskinesia

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3
Q

unilateral, intermittent sharp pain of the right cheek and lip that lasts several seconds triggered by minor stimuli

A

trigeminal neuralgia

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4
Q

CSF in Guillian Barre

A

High protein, normal wbc, rbc and glucose

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5
Q

organophosphate poisoning

A
  • farmer trying to commit suicide
  • sx of cholinergic excess (bradycardia, miosis, bronchorrhea, muscle fasiculations, salivation, lacrimation)
  • tx: atropine and remove clothes to prevent further absorption
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6
Q

periodic sharp wave complexes on EEG with rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus and mood sx (depression)

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

- positive 14-3-3 assay

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7
Q

Most common cause of CN III palsy (ptosis with eye looking down and out)

A

ischemic neuropathy from uncontrolled DM

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8
Q

14 year old girl with progressive ataxia, loss of vibratory sense, degeneration of spinal cord in cervical region

A

Friedreich ataxia - excessive number of trinucleotide repeats (GAA)
- most common in teens

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9
Q

Rapidly progressive demetia, myoclonus with EEG showing sharp, triphasic, synchronus discharges

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob - prions

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10
Q

Major cause of death after SAH

A

first 24 hours: recurrent bleeding

day 3-10: vasospasm –> prevented with nimodipine

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11
Q

7 year old boy presents after a seizure. The axillary and inguinal folds has multiple freckles. Chest and back have 6, darkly pigmented macules.

A

Neurofibromatosis 1

  • > 5 cafe0au0lait macules, >1 neurofibroma, axillary or inguinal freckling, optic glioma, >1 iris hamartoma (Lisch nodules, bone lesions
  • seizures, scoliosis and short stature, pseudoarthrosis
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12
Q

unilateral motor impairment, no sensory or cortical deficits, no visual field abnormalities - lesion location

A

Posterior limb of internal capsule (lacunar infarct)

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13
Q

contralateral somatosensory & motor deficit (face, arm, leg), conjugate eye deviation towards the side of the lesion, homonymous hemianopia, aphasia (dominant hemisphere), hemineglect (nondominant) - lesion location

A

Middle cerebral artery

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14
Q

contraleteral somatosensory and motor deficit (primarily LE), abulia (lack of will or initiative), dyspraxia, emotional disturbance, urinary incontinence - lesion location

A

Anterior cerebral artery

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15
Q

alternate syndromes with contralateral hemiplegia & ipsilateral cranial nerve involvement, possible ataxia - lesion location

A

vertibrobasilar system (supplying the brainstem)

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16
Q

Straight lines appearing wavy

A

Macular degeneration

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17
Q

anticholinergic drugs (trihexphenidyl) can precipitate

A

angle-closure glaucoma

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18
Q

Most common CNS tumor in children. Supretentorial location presents with seizures, weakness, sensory changes, signs of increased ICP (HA)

A

Pilocytic astrocytoma (high grade astrocytoma = glioblastoma)

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19
Q

CNS tumor in children that’s usually located in 4th ventricle and cause obstruction of CSF

A

Ependymoma

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20
Q

CNS tumor in children that arises in the sella turcica and appears as cystic structures with calcifications

A

Cranipharyngioma

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21
Q

Patient presents with upper extremity weakness, areflexia, and loss of pain and temperature sensations. No sx in lower extremities.

A

Syringomyelia (Arnold Chiari malformation type 1)

  • “cape distribution” of loss of pain and temp
  • dorsal columns not affected usually
  • can progress to anterior horn of grey matter –> areflexic weakness
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22
Q

Pt with history of severe alcohol and tobacco use presents with wide based gait and postural instability. Unable to perform heel to shin but able to perform finger to nose.

A

Alcoholic cerebellar degeneration

  • damage to the Purkinje cells of the cerebellar vermis
  • truncal coordination is impaired but limb coordination is intact
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23
Q

57 year old man complains of progressive difficulty with gait. Mild atrophy and weakness of upper extremities with decreased triceps reflex. Bilateral lower extremity strength is 4/5 with positive Babinski reflex.

A

Cervical myelopathy due to advanced spodylosis at C-spine.

  • LMN signs (UE) - atrophy, dec reflexes
  • UMN sign (LE) - babinski, hyperreflexia
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24
Q

Tx for alzheimers

A

Cholinesterase inhibitors

donepazil, rivastigmine, galantamine

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25
Q

Tx for myasthenic crisis

A

Intubation for deteriorating respiratory status

Plasmapheresis or IVIG & steroids

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26
Q

Homeless women presents with encephalopathy, ocular dysfunction, and gait ataxia.

A

Thiamine deficiency

- must give thiamine before glucose because glucose can worsen encephalopathy

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27
Q

Tx for generalized convulsus status epilepticus

A
  • seizure lasting for 5 or more min or 2 or more seizures occur before pt regains consciousness
  • IV benzos for termination (lorazepa, diazepam)
  • Medication to prevent recurrence: fosphenytoin, phenytoin, levetiracetam, valproic acid
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28
Q

Tx for Bell’s palsy (unilateral facial weakness of upper and lower face due to peripheral neuropathy of facial nerve). May have prodrome of auricular pain

A

Steroids

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29
Q

MRI findings of late Alzheimers

A

temporal lobe atrophy most prominent in the hippocami and surrounding medial temporal lobes

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30
Q

Young obese woman with papilledema, CN VI palsy, peripheral visual field defect

A 
pseudotumor cerebri (idiopathic intracranial HTN)
- get LP with opening pressure >250
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31
Q

Eye problem found in MS

A

Bilateral internuclear opthalmoplegia

  • affected eye (ipsilateral to lesion) is unable to adduct and contralateral side abducts with nystagmus
  • damage to medial longitundinal fasiculus (mediated communication btwn CN III and VI)
  • unilateral lesions can occur in lacunar stroke in pontine artery distribution
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32
Q

Pts at risk for MS

A

vitamin D deficiency, colder climates, reduced sunlight exposure
- HLA-DRB1 patients

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33
Q

Pt has pure motor hemiplegia

A 
Lacunar stroke (hypertensive vasculopathy)
- affecting posterior limb of internal capsule
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34
Q

3 week infant born at home has a seizure and 101 temp. brain imaging reveals patchy areas of increased cerebral attenuation with edema and hemorrhage in left temporal lobe.

A

HSV

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35
Q

Neurofibromatosis type 1

A

NF1 gene - neurofibromin
von Recklinghausen disease
chrom 17
cafe au lait spots, freckling in skin folds, neurofibromas, Lisch nodules, optic gliomas

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36
Q

Neurofibromatosis type 2

A

NF2 gene - merlin
central NF
chrom 22
bilateral acoustic neuromas

37
Q

Pt has an ischemic stroke 4 weeks ago and has hemianesthesia on the right side of body. Her sx have improved but she now has paroxysmal burning pain over the affected area that is exacerbated by light touch (allodynia)

A

Thalamic stroke with thalamic pain syndrome (lacunar stroke)

38
Q

Conjunctival injection, tarsal inflammation, and pal follicle preceded by URI sx

A

Trachoma

  • caused by chlamydia trachomatous
  • tx: azithromycin
39
Q

Pt with alzheimer’s is found to have a brain bleed on CT. What is the cause

A

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy

  • cause spontaneous lobar hemorrhage due to beta amyloid deposition in the arterial walls
  • seen in alzheimers
40
Q

patient with ascending weakness of the lower extremities after a respiratory illness. CSP shows elevated protein

A

Guillian Barre

- tx with IVIG

41
Q

Sleep onset insomnia with excessive daytime sleepiness after switching work shifts from night to regular 8-5. When allowed to sleep to her circadian rhythm on the weekends she gets a full nights sleep from 2-11.

A

delayed sleep-wake phase disorder

- inability to fall asleep at traditional bed times

42
Q

Pain develops 3 months after a BKA. There is TTP

A

Neuroma - transection of nerve fibers

- relieved with local anesthetic injection

43
Q

Cranial nerves involving the eye

A

CN II - carry visual info to brain, pupillary light reflex
CN III - majority of movement
CN V V1 - corneal sensation

44
Q

Meningitis tx

A 
Age 2-20: Vanc + 3rd gen ceph
Age >50: vanc + amp + 3rd gen ceph
IC: vanc + amp + cefepime
Neurosurg/penetrating trauma: Vanc + cefepime
*add steroids
45
Q

Pt with cerebellar and retinal hemangioblastomas. US of kidneys reveal multiple cysts. Father died from cerebral hemorrhage

A

Von Hippel-Lindau disease

  • cerebellar and retinal hemangioblastomas
  • pheochromocytoma
  • renal cell carcinoma
46
Q

Area of brain affected in Huntington disease

A

caudate nucleus

47
Q

Pain and swelling over the medial aspect of the right eye. Slight pressure causes expression of purulent material

A

Dacryocystitis - infection of lacrimal sac

48
Q

Etiology of Bell’s palsy

A

Reactivation of a neurotrophic virus (HSV) that causes inflammation of the facial nerve and degeneration of the myelin sheath

49
Q

What can still be present in brain death

A

DTRs

50
Q

meningitis tx

A

Neonates < 1month of age: ampicillin and cefotaxime
Children to Adults < 50 years of age: ceftriaxone and vancomycin
Adults >50 years of age: ceftriaxone, vancomycin, and ampicillin

51
Q

tx of parkinson’s tremor

A

Trihexphenidyl

52
Q

metabolic acidosis after a seizure is due to

A

lactic acidosis - transient (will resolve)

53
Q

60 year old female presents with new onset bilateral temporal headache. She has decreased visual acuity with dilated, segmented, tortuous retinal veins. She also has decreased pinprick sensation and loss of bilateral ankle reflexes. Elevated total protein and normal albumin

A

Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia

  • headaches, dizziness, blurry vision, large gamma gap (diff btwn total protein and albumin), and “sausage link” retinal changes
  • monoclonal IgM antibodies
54
Q

tx of acute glaucoma

A

mannitol, acetazolamide, pilocarpine, or timolol

*avoid atropine!

55
Q

CSF of bacterial vs viral meningitis

A

Bacterial: >1000 WBC, <40 glucose, >250 protein
Viral: 10-500 WBC, 40-70 glucose, <150 protein

56
Q

Vital signs suggestive of impending brain herniation

A

Cushing triad

  • widened pulse pressure
  • bradycardia
  • irregular respirations
57
Q

CSF in Gullian Barre (gastroenteritis followed by leg weakness)

A

Normal cell count with increased protein

58
Q

EMG findings of MG

A

decreased response to repetitive stimulation of motor nerves on EMG

59
Q

impaired consciousness, pupillary abnormalities, neuro-ophthalmic abnormalities, especially of vertical gaze, and acute confusional state

A

“top of the basilar syndrome”

- rostral basilar artery embolism

60
Q

Vertigo, nystagmus, diplopia, nausea, and vomiting. ptosis and miosis
Loss of sensation of the ipsilateral face

A

lateral medullary syndrome or Wallenberg syndrome

  • most often caused by an ipsilateral vertebral artery or posterior inferior cerebellar artery occlusion
  • Vestibular nuclei (N/V, diplopia, vertigo, nystagmus)
  • Horner syndrome caused by dysfunction of the descending sympathetic tract (pitosis, miosis)
  • descending tract and nucleus of the fifth nerve
61
Q

vestibular malfunction (dizziness, nystagmus, leaning toward the side of the lesion), autonomic malfunction (hypotension without heart rate response, tachycardia, intermittent bradycardia, Horner’s syndrome), bulbar motor dysfunction (dysphagia leading to aspiration, dysphonia, ipsilateral palatal, pharyngeal, and vocal cord paralysis), and sensory symptoms (loss of pain and temperature sensation on the ipsilateral face and contralateral body, tingling and numbness in the ipsilateral face)

A 
Wallenberg syndrome - 
PICA infarction (may also be caused by vertebral artery infarction)
62
Q

How does hyperventilation decrease ICP

A

CBF relies on partial pressures of O2 and CO2. Hyperventilation causes CO2 washout and vasoconstriction.

63
Q

Common locations of berry aneurysms

A

branch point of the anterior communicating artery with the anterior cerebral artery
the junction of the posterior communicating artery and the internal carotid artery
the bifurcation of the middle cerebral artery

64
Q

Brain tumor that can cause hypothyroidism, adrenal failure, and diabetes insipidus due to mass effect on the hypothalamus

A

Craniopharyngioma

65
Q

Most significant RF for CVA

A

HTN

66
Q

wide based gait, ataxia, dysarthria, scoliosis, loss of DTRs in a 15 year old

A

Friedreich’s ataxia

  • AR loss of function in frataxin gene (GAA)
  • pt’s most likely die from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
67
Q

guillian barre with ataxia and areflexia

A

Miller Fisher Sydrome (anti-GQ1b)

68
Q

Phenytoin toxicity

A

cerebellar dysfunction

- ataxia, horizontal nystagmus, hyperreflexia, AMS

69
Q

Momentary vision loss with head position changes, headaches and enlarged blind spots

A

papilledema

70
Q

Young woman with loss of vision in left eye, colors appear “washed out,” central scotoma (smudge), and has a pupillary aferent defect in left eye

A

optic neuritis

- associated with MS

71
Q

central retinal artery occlusion tx

A

ocular massage and high flow oxygen

72
Q

fever, malaise, focal back pain, progressive neurologic findings in an HIV patient still using ID.

A

spinal epidural abscess

73
Q

Presence of EBV DNA in CSF and ring enhancing lesion

A

primary CNS lymphoma

74
Q

unilateral head and neck pain, ipsilateral horner syndrome, and signs of cerebral ischemia (focal weakness) after trauma

A

carotid artery dissection

75
Q

hoffman sign

A

flicking nail of middle finger causes ipsilateral thumb to flex and adduct

  • corticospinal tract lesion
  • sign of cervical myelopathy
76
Q

restless leg syndrome tx

A
  1. dopamine agonists (pramipexole)

2. alpha-2-delta calcium channel ligands (gabapentin enacarbil)

77
Q

first line tx for pseudotumor cerebri

A

acetazolamide

78
Q

lower motor neuron signs in the upper extremities and upper motor neuron signs in the lower extremities with shock like sensation down the spine

A

cervical spinal cord compression

79
Q

sympathetic opthalmia

A

“spared eye injury”

  • immune mediated inflammation of one eye after penetrating injury to other eye
  • uncovering of hidden antigens
80
Q

SE of succinycholine

A

depolarizing neuromuscular blocker
- can cause life-threatening hyperkalemia in patients with a condition leading to upregulation of postsynaptic ACh receptors (skeletal muscle injury, burn injury, stroke)

81
Q

Broca’s aphasia lesion

A

dominant frontal lobe

82
Q

common cause of conductive hearing loss in young adults in their 20-30s

A

otosclerosis

83
Q

toxic neuropathy

A

alcohol, meds, heavy metals

b/l symmetric distal polyneuropathy, parathesia, burning pain and ataxia

84
Q

contralateral hemiparesis and sensory loss with conjugate gaze towards side of the lesion

A

basal ganglis (putamen) infarct

85
Q

headache that is worse at night, occasional falls and blurred vision

A

intracranial hypertension

Cushing reflex: HTN, bradycardia, and respiratory depression (brainstem compression)

86
Q

large brain lesion with irregular borders with ring enhancement and central hypointensity

A

glioblastoma multiforme

87
Q

wernike’s encephalopathy effects what part of the brain

A

mamillary bodies

88
Q

refers to a collection of blood in the anterior chamber of the eye

A

hyphema

- most often follows blunt trauma to eye

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