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PSCY2020 2019 > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main types of Nervous systems?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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2
Q

What does the Central Nervous System consist of?

A

Brain

Spinal cord

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3
Q

What does the Peripheral Nervous System consist of?

A

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

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4
Q

What does the Somatic Nervous System (SNS) consist of?

A 
Afferent nerves (incoming)
Efferent nerves (outgoing)
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5
Q

What does the Autonomic Nervous System consist of?

A 
Afferent nerves (incoming)
Efferent nerves (outgoing) which have Parasympathetic (rest and digest) and Sympathetic (fight or flight)
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6
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord
Encased in bone
Networks of interconnected neurons
Processing of information

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7
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A 
Outside the skull and spine
Nerves – bundles of separate neurons
Transmission of information
Connects the CNS with the rest of the body
Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
Voluntary
Interaction with the environment
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Involuntary
Regulate the body
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8
Q

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

A 
Voluntary
Interaction with the environment
Afferent
Incoming signals
Sensory info into the CNS
Exteroceptive sense organs 
Information to enable interaction with the world
Efferent
Outgoing signals
Motor commands from the CNS
Skeletal Muscle
Facilitate bodies interaction with the world
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9
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A 
Involuntary
Regulate the body
Afferent
Incoming signals
Sensory info into the CNS
Interoceptive sense organs (viscera and blood vessels)
Information about the body’s internal state  
Efferent
Outgoing signals
Motor commands from the CNS
Smooth and cardiac muscle and glands
Change the body’s internal state
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10
Q

ANS Efferents

A

Sympathetic
Fight or flight
Stimulate organs and release hormones to wind things up
Mobilise energy sources
Increase blood flow and respiration
Supress non-essentials
Parasympathetic
Rest and digest
Counteract sympathetic to wind things down
Stimulate digestion and restorative functions
Conserve energy

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11
Q

CNS / PNS Interface

A

Cranial Nerves
12 pairs
Connect directly to the brain
Some purely sensory, some purely motor, some both

Spinal Nerves
31 pairs
Connect to the spinal cord
All are both sensory and motor

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12
Q

Neurons

A

Main functional cells of the nervous system

Collect, integrate and transmit information

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13
Q

Glia

A

Glia support neurons

Numerous types and many function

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14
Q

Clusters of cells within the CNS and PNS

A

CNS - Nuclei
PNS – Ganglia
in grey matter

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15
Q

Clusters of axons within the CNS and PNS

A

CNS - Tracts
PNS – Nerves
in white matter

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16
Q

4 Main Types of Neuron

A

Unipolar neuron- Sensory neurons transfer information from receptor cells to higher nerve cells
Bipolar neuron- Connecting adjacent cells typically in sensory system (e.g. retina)
Multipolar neuron- Transfer information between cells usually long distance; can collect and integrate info from many cells
Multipolar interneuron- Local connections collect and integrate info from many cells

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17
Q

4 Main Types of Glia

A

Oligodendrocytes- Myelination in CNS
Schwann Cells- Myelination in PNS
Microglia- Immune function
Astrocytes- Numerous structural and functional support

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18
Q

The Spinal Cord

A

13-14 million neurons
Protected by the vertebral column (and meninges)
Doesn’t go full length of the spine
Loose bundle of nerves below L2 – Cauda Equina (horses tail)
Messages to and from the brain
Also simple processing – reflex arcs

19
Q

The spinal cord cross section consists of?

A 
Dorsal horn
Dorsal root
Dorsal root ganglion
Ventral horn
Ventral root
Spinal nerve
20
Q

The two main types of nerves to the spinal cord are?

A

Unipolar afferent neurons join the dorsal horn - both somatic (skeletal / sensory) and autonomic (internal organs) systems.
Multipolar efferent neurons have their cell bodies in the ventral root. Their axons project out to somatic and autonomic systems.

21
Q

The development of the brain and the neural tube

A

neural plate border, neural plate and epidermis
convergence of the neural plate borders to create a neural fold
the formation of the epidermis, neural crest an neural tube

22
Q

The sections of the brain

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Spinal cord

23
Q

Five Divisions of The Brain

A 
Forebrain
-Telencephalon
-Diencephalon
Midbrain
-Mesencephalon
Hindbrain
-Metencephalon
-Myelencephalon
24
Q

Brainstem

A

Connects forebrain to spinal cord
White matter outside with grey matter inside in discrete nuclei
3 major levels
Myelencephalon
Metencephalon
Mesencephalon
All head muscles supplied by cranial nerves from the brainstem

25
Q

Myelencephalon

A

Medulla

Caudal brainstem – blends into spinal cord
Primarily axonal tracts
Pyramidal tracts – ‘decussation of the pyramids’
Head and neck movement
Vital functions
Portion of reticular formation (net-like formation) - arousal.

26
Q

Mesencephalon

A 
Midbrain
-tectum and tegmentum
Tectum
superior and inferior colliculi
Visual and auditory orienting of attention
Multisensory integration

Tegmentum
Portion ventral to tectum
Periaqueductal grey matter
Substantia nigra

27
Q

Mesencephalon- Parkinson’s Disease

A 
Loss of dopamine neurons in SN
Project to basal ganglia
Important for movement control
Tremor or shaking
Muscle rigidity or stiffness
Slowing of movement
Stooped posture
Balance problems.
28
Q

Diencephalon

A

Forebrain

2 major parts
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

2 major endocrine glands
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland

29
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay station – all sensory except smell relays through thalamus
Also receives many cortical projections
Integration of bottom-up inputs and top-down
Many separate nuclei
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus first synapse after the optic nerve leaves the eye
Medial Geniculate Nucleus Auditory relay
Ventro Posterior Nucleus Sensorimotor relay

30
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Ventral part of diencephalon
Control centre for autonomic nervous system
Inputs from many brain and body systems
Outputs to brainstem (ANS) and pituitary gland (endocrine)
Homeostasis
Regulation of motivated behaviours – eating, sleeping, sexual

31
Q

Telencephalon

A

Forebrain

Collection of subcortical nuclei

Cerebral cortex

32
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Control of movement
Learning and motivation
Striatum – caudate + putamen

33
Q

Limbic System

A

Midline structures circling the thalamus
Regulation of motivated behaviours - The Four Fs
Affect/emotion
Amygdala – learned fear response; recognition of emotion in others
Hippocampus – long term memory

34
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Layer of grey matter covering the cerebral hemispheres
Folded – Gyri (ridges) and Sulci (fissures)
2 Hemispheres connected by corpus collosum
4 lobes
Many regions or areas based on location (e.g. PFC), function (e.g. FEF), or cytoarchitecture (e.g. Brodmann areas)
28 billion neurons
>1 trillion synapses
>80% human brain mass

35
Q

The four parts of the cerebral cortex

A

Frontal Lobe
Thinking, planning, executive functions, motor execution

Parietal Lobe
Somatosensory perception, spatial perception

Temporal Lobe
Auditory, language, long term memory, emotion

Occipital Lobe
Visual

36
Q

Main Neuron Types

A

Pyramidal
Most common cortical neuron
Large bodies, multipolar, long axon goes down and inward through layers
Projection neurons – connect disparate brain regions or leave the brain (to spinal cord)

Stellate
small, star-shaped short axons; transmit info laterally
Local – interneurons

37
Q

Layers of Neocortex

A

Most cortex neocortex – new
6 layered outer covering of the cerebral hemisphere
Each layer differs in the relative concentration of stellate and pyramidal cells, in the relative size and concentration of cell bodies
Layer I - axons and dendrites, few cell bodies
Layer II - densely packed stellate cells , a few pyramidal cells
Layer III - Loosely packed stellate cells; intermediate sized pyramidal cells
Layer IV is thick in sensory areas – Input
Layer V – mainly pyramidal cells with long axons - in motor areas - output
Layer VI - pyramidal cells of various sizes; loosely packed stellate cells

38
Q

Protecting the Brain

A 
Physical protection from mechanical injury
Skull
3 Meninges (Dura Mater, Pia Mater, Arachnoid) – membranous coverings around the brain and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) – supports and cushions

Chemical protection – maintaining chemical balance
The blood-brain barrier
Tightly packed cells along the blood vessel walls of the CNS prevent entry of many (large) molecules.
Good and bad (eg L-Dopa)

39
Q

Physical protection of the brain - in order

A 
Scalp
Skull
Dura Mater
Arachnoid membrane
Sinus
Arachnoid membrane
Sub-arachnoid space
Artery
Pia mater maninx
Cortex
40
Q

The ventricles

A 
Lateral
Third
Cerebral aqueduct
Fourth
Central canal
41
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

Produced by choroid plexuses in ventricles

Circulates subarachnoid space, ventricles and central canal

Excess drains into sinuses in the dura mater

If drainage is blocked - hydrocephalus

42
Q

Commisurotomies / callosotomies

A

Antecedent: usually sever epilepsy
Procedure: callosotomy, anterior commissurotomy
Consequence: reduction of seizures
Behavioural consequence: very little
Experimental consequence: sensory information presented to one hemisphere is not available to guide behaviour in the other hemisphere

43
Q

Split Brains

A

Visual information – left visual field to right hemisphere and right visual field to left hemisphere
Intact brain – information can cross between hemispheres via the corpus callosum
Callosotomy – lose communication
Left hemisphere ignorant of left visual field
Right hemisphere ignorant of right visual field
Left hemisphere ignorant of left visual field
Right hemisphere ignorant of right visual field
But – speech typically in left hemisphere

44
Q

Split Brains- explain your behaviour

A

confabulation- subconsciously make reasons for what they say or do

PSCY2020 2019 (18 decks)

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