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NUTR1023 > Chapter 02 > Flashcards

Chapter 02 Flashcards

1
Q

What is physical activity?

A

Any bodily movement that contributes to daily energy expenditure. It is positively associated with physical fitness.

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2
Q

What is exercise?

A

Planned, structured, and repetitive bodily movement that contributes to daily energy expenditure. Very positively associated with physical fitness, and is a subcategory of physical activity.

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3
Q

What is physical fitness?

A

A set of attributes that a person has or achieves.

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4
Q

What are the health related components of physical fitness?

A 
Cardio-respiratory endurance
Muscular endurance
Muscular strength
Flexibility
Body Composition
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5
Q

What are the skill related components of physical fitness?

A 
Agility
Balance
Coordination
Speed
Power
Reaction time
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6
Q

Equation for basal metabolic rate? (BMR)

A

Kcal(sleep) + Kcal(occupation) + Kcal(leisure) = Kcal(total daily physical exercise)

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7
Q

Define MET

A

Metabolic equivalent test - the amount of oxygen consumed by a person performing physical activity is directly proportional to the energy expended.

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8
Q

How much oxygen per kilogram does MET assume?

A

3.5ml per kilogram (2.2lb) of bodyweight per minute at rest

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9
Q

Drawbacks of MET?

A

Only approximations of resting value, and does not take into account variations for age, sex, muscle mass and disease states

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10
Q

How many MET’s for low intensity exercise?

A

Less than 3

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11
Q

How many MET’s for moderate intensity exercise?

A

3-6

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12
Q

How many MET’s for vigorous exercise?

A

More than 6

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13
Q

Two divisions of physical fitness?

A

Health-related attributes and performance-related attributes

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14
Q

Five health-related components of physical fitness?

A
  1. Cardio-respiratory endurance
  2. Muscular endurance
  3. Muscular strength
  4. Flexibility
  5. Body Composition
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15
Q

Six skill-related components of physical fitness?

A
  1. Agility
  2. Coordination
  3. Balance
  4. Power
  5. Reaction Time
  6. Speed
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16
Q

In the Health-Related components of physical fitness, what is: Cardiorespiratory endurance?

A

The ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply oxygen to working muscles during sustained physical activity

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17
Q

In the Health-Related components of physical fitness, what is: Body composition?

A

The relative amounts of fat mass and fat-free mass in the body

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18
Q

In the Health-Related components of physical fitness, what is: Flexibility?

A

The range of motion at a joint

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19
Q

In the Health-Related components of physical fitness, what is: Muscular Strength?

A

The ability of a muscle to exert maximal force

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20
Q

In the Health-Related components of physical fitness, what is: Muscular Endurance?

A

The ability of a muscle to perform repeated or sustained contractions without fatigue

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21
Q

In the Skill-Related components of physical fitness, what is: Power?

A

The rate at which work can be performed; performing muscle contractions at high velocity

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22
Q

In the Skill-Related components of physical fitness, what is: Coordination?

A

The ability to smoothly and accurately perform complex movements

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23
Q

In the Skill-Related components of physical fitness, what is: Balance?

A

The ability to maintain equilibrium while stationary or moving

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24
Q

In the Skill-Related components of physical fitness, what is: Reaction time?

A

The amount of time elapsed between the stimulus for movement and the beginning of the movement

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25
Q

In the Skill-Related components of physical fitness, what is: Agility?

A

The ability to rapidly and accurately change the position of the body in space

26
Q

In the Skill-Related components of physical fitness, what is: Speed?

A

The ability to perform a movement within a short period of time

27
Q

What percentage of Americans meet the recommended dosage of exercise?

A

50.5%

28
Q

How is obesity defined?

A

A body mass index of more than 30kg/m^2

29
Q

What is metabolic syndrome?

A

A cluster of factors associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease and diabetes - abdominal obesirt, dsylipidemia and elevate levels of triglyceries, blood pressure and fasting blood glucose

30
Q

Different ways of assessing energy intensity?

A 
Maximal oxygen consumption
Oxygen consumption reverse
Heart rate reserve
Maximal heart rate
Metabolic equivalents
31
Q

Equation for maximal oxygen consumption and consumption reverse?

A

VO2max and VO2R

32
Q

Maximal heart rate equation?

A

HRmax

33
Q

Difference between a primary and secondary prevention?

A

A primary intervention is to prevent the initial condition, and a secondary prevention is an intervention after the onset

34
Q

Biological mechanics which physical activity is likely to cause a reduction in risk of CVD?

A

Mediated through the effect of physical activity on cardiac endothelial cell function, haemostatic factors and inflammation, as well as on other CVD factors, especially blood pressure, lipid levels, glycaemic control and body weight

35
Q

What is called when lipids coagulate in the blood?

A

Atherosclerosis

36
Q

How much does physical activity affect CVD?

A

25-30% in reduction of death
25-30% in reduction of stroke
5% reduction in blood pressure

37
Q

What is more effective; metaformin or lifestyle changes for reduction in diabetes?

A

Lifestyle (by 58 percent (95 percent confidence interval)) compared to metformin (by 31 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 17 to 43 percent))

38
Q

Effects of sitting for long durations of time on diabetes?

A

Prolonged sitting increases insulin resistance and circulating blood sugar levels, and may have diabetes risk effects independent of physical activity

39
Q

What does resistance training for those with diabetes do?

A

May assist glucose uptake into muscles, reducing blood sugar levels

40
Q

According to ESSA, what is the best way to reduce diabetes?

A

With physical activity/exercise done at least several times per week, and the ESSA statement recommends no more than two consecutive days without activity. Some Diabetes Prevention Programs recommend activity every day, with a total of 210 (7 x 30) minutes of moderate intensity activity every week.

41
Q

Do diabtes and physical activity have a dose-related relationship?

A

Yes, there is a tonne of evidence to support both claims

42
Q

Does cancer have a dose-related relationship?

A

There is some evidence of a dose-response relationship between physical activity and
breast cancer incidence, with most studies suggesting that one hour of activity per day confers greater risk reduction than 30 minutes per day, and that the significant risk reduction occurs in the range of 4-7 hours of moderate-vigorous physical activity each week.

43
Q

Relationship between physical activity and breast cancer?

A

The most recent evidence suggests that physical activity seems beneficial in all decades of life but
may be more protective against breast cancer in post menopausal women. This suggests that the biological mechanism may involve changes in oestrogen or Final report for the Department of Health; August 2012
progesterone metabolism.

44
Q

Difference in control and cohort studies for cancer and colon risk?

A

The relative risk reduction may be slightly
greater in data from case control studies, around 30%, compared with just over 20% risk
reduction in cohort studies.

45
Q

Is lifestyle intervention successful for prevental rectal cancer?

A

No

46
Q

Is lifestyle intervention successful for prostate cancer?

A

Results have shown up to a 10% reduction, though results are unclear

47
Q

Is lifestyle intervention successful for preventing lung cancer?

A

As the biological mechanisms are not known, further
work is needed before clear public health recommendations for the role of physical
activity on lung cancer risk can be made, though there are positive effects

48
Q

Is lifestyle intervention successful for preventing endometrial cancer?

A

The median risk reduction among those who were active, compared with the inactive, was 27%, which
was maintained when adjusted for BMI and post-menopausal hormonal therapy.

49
Q

Is lifestyle intervention successful for preventing overian cancer?

A

A meta-analysis to explore the relationship between physical activity and ovarian cancer concluded that there is a 19% pooled or average risk reduction among the physically active, compared with the inactive.

50
Q

Is lifestyle intervention successful for preventing pancreatic cancer?

A

In summary, reviews indicate that the evidence base is too early in development, and BMI should be adjusted for as a potential confounder, before any recommendation is made about physical activity and pancreatic cancer.

51
Q

The association between physical activity and the risk of developing cancer is strongest for which types of cancer?

A

Colon (30%) and breast (20%)

52
Q

Biological mechanics thought responsible for reducing rate of colon cancer?

A

The biological mechanisms for the protective role of physical activity on colon cancer are thought to include the effects of activity on adiposity, insulin resistance, immune function, inflammation and cytokines.

53
Q

Biological mechanics thought responsible for reducing rate of breast cancer?

A

The lifestyle-intervention is more protective against breast cancer in post-menopausal women. This
suggests that the biological mechanism may involve changes in oestrogen or progesterone metabolism.

54
Q

What physiological mechanisms are more likely to be responsible for physical activity being able to reduce the risk of developing cancer?

A

Phsyical activity was associated with a range of outcomes in cancer patients, including increased fitness, muscle strength (from resistance training), quality of life measures, anxiety measures and self-esteem. The effects were greater in people who were overweight or obese. There were also strong effects on quality of life indicators, and nearly half the trials showed an impact on cancer-related fatigue.

55
Q

What does a lack of physical activity biomechanically do?

A 
The hypothesis is that loss of local contractile stimulation of skeletal muscles results in significant metabolic changes. The most notable is a decrease in
lipoprotein lipase (LPL, an enzyme involved in skeletal muscle uptake of triglycerides and free fatty acids) activity, with subsequent increases in plasma triglycerides and decreases in HDL-cholesterol, which are risk factors of coronary and cardiovascular disease
56
Q

From the Mike Evans video, how much does physical activity reduce the risk of hip fracture in post menopausal women?

A

41% reduction

57
Q

The dose-response relationship between physical activity and all cause mortality is best described as

A

curvilinear

58
Q

Which of the following shows the clearest dose-response relationship between physical activity and risk of early death from all causes?

Intensity of physical activity

duration of physical activity

frequency of physical activity

amount of energy expended during physical activity

A

amount of energy expended during physical activity

59
Q

Which of the following changes in blood lipids is observed after exercise interventions?
Increased high-density lipoprotein

Increased low-density lipoprotein

Increased triglycerides

None of the above

A

Increased high-density lipoprotein

60
Q

How much does aerobic exercise reduce blood pressure in patients with hypertension?

A

5%

NUTR1023 (9 decks)

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