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PA10315 2nd semester > The Respiratory system: Anatomy > Flashcards

The Respiratory system: Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Upper respiratory tract components

A

Nose , pharynx and larynx

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2
Q

Upper respiratory tract functions

A

Humidify and warm air
defence-mucus and cilia
sensory, speech

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3
Q

Lower respiratory tract components

A

Trachea, lungs and primary bronchi (first 2 branches from trachea)

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4
Q

Lower respiratory tract functions

A

GE
defence
metabolic

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5
Q

Trachea

A

Rings of cartilage surrounding it interspersed by smooth muscle which can constrict trachea and shut off air supply to lung- incr velocity flow with constriction

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6
Q

Parenchyma

A

Part of lungs involved in GE: alveoli, alveolar ducts and terminal ad respiratory bronchioles, pulmonary arteriole and vein
ie respiratory bronchioles down

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7
Q

Conducting zone

A

air passages

top of trachea to start of respiratory bronchioles

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8
Q

Lung branches

A

Tube divides up to 23x till get to terminal part of the lung
1st 15 or so just to get tubes to right place
Change from psuedostratified columnar in bronchi to cuboidal in terminal and respiratory bronchioles
LArge incr in volume for respiratory bronchioles

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9
Q

What type of blood supply do respiratory bronchioles have

A

Pulmonary

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10
Q

Airway resistance mathematically

A

1/resistance

1/radius^4

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11
Q

why is conduction summative

A

small airways make a small contribution to total resistance

Many respiratory bronchioles

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12
Q

What bronchioles have the largest influence over conduction

A

conducting zone ones

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13
Q

What happens in diseases

A

airway resistance increases
inflammation/thickening of airway wall eg in asthma
Tightened smooth muscles constrict airway
Obstruction with mucus
All these factors narrow airway
Get smooth muscle growth and fibrosis (thickening and scarring of connective tissue)

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14
Q

lung epithelium

A

lining cells in the airway

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15
Q

Bronchi epi

A

ciliated, goblet and glandular (good diagram)

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16
Q

Bronchioles epi

A

ciliated, non-ciliated, goblet , club cells (secretory)

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17
Q

Alveoli

A

Squamous, cuboidal

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18
Q

Airway innervation (conducting airways)- to and from CNS

A

Sensory afferent nerves from airway epithelium and smooth muscles signal to brain
Autonomic fibres to glandular epithelium and smooth muscles from CNS

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19
Q

Innervation parasympathetic/sympathetic?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system drives contraction
Parasympathetic branches of the vagus nerve
Little sympathetic innervation: B adrenoreceptors on airway smooth muscle stimulated by circulating adrenaline

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20
Q

Parasympathetic NS receptors

A

muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors.

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21
Q

Sympathetic NS receptors

A

alpha, beta 1 and beta 2

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22
Q

Respiratory unit

A

Massive network of airways and air sacs

23
Q

Pneumocytes

A

alveolar epithelial cells

24
Q

Type I pnuemocytes

A

Large SA, cover 95% of alveolus but only 10% of cells, squamous
GE

25
Q

Type II pnuemocytes

A

Cuboidal mostly
Secretory: surfactant
Precursors for type I- differentiate to produce them

26
Q

Surfactant

A

90% lipid, mostly phospholipid
Reduces surface tension and prevents alveolar collapse
Innate immunity function

27
Q

Infant Respiratory Distress syndrome

A

Give premature babies surfactant via tubes to help lung function because not fully formed
Beractant (bovine- cow/animal)
Pumactant (synthetic, lipid only)

28
Q

Lung at birth

A

Lung epi develops in last trimester of pregnancy: Maturation stimulated by corticosteroids given to premature babies
Lung is fluid filled in foetus- needs to rapidly empty: surge in corticosteroids and catecholamines (circulating adrenaline) at birth, activation of absorptive channels incl ENaCs, pressure changes (squeeze through birth canal)
Caesarian- reduced drive for fluid absorption

29
Q

2 circulatory systems for blood supply to the lungs

A

Pulmonary circulation and bronchial circulation

30
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Artery flows directly from right ventricle
Low O2, high flow, low pressure
Low pressure because huge network, so high flow
Capillaries pass around alveoli and pulmonary vein returns oxy blood to heart

31
Q

Bronchial circulation

A

From aorta (left ventricle)
high pressure
supplies O2 and nutrients to the conducting airways
Not involved in respiration

32
Q

Ventilation

A

Automatic and controlled by CNS

33
Q

Neuronal control of breathing

add to this

A

(see diagram)
Respiratory center in medulla sends nerve impulses down spinal cord to respiratory muscles
Chemoreceptors in blod detect pH, CO2 and O2 changes, signal to respiratory center
Mechanoreceptors in lung and chest wall also signal

34
Q

Muscle innervation

A

somatic motor nerves and autonomic nerves

35
Q

Somatic motor nerves

A

innervate skeletal muscles in thorax
Phrenic nerve: innervates diaphragm,pulls muscle downwards and draws air into lungs, allowing ventilation
and Intercostal nerves

36
Q

Autonomic nerves

A 
Bronchial
Supply smooth muscle and secretory cells:
- branch from vagus
-reflex bronchospasm and mucus secretion
-important in asthma
37
Q

Sensory afferent pathways from the lung (myelinated)

A

send impulses via vagus to medullary centres

38
Q

Slowly adapting myelinated

A

stimulated by stretch receptors in airway smooth muscle
Elicit reflexes:
Hering Breuer reflex:
-promotion of expiration following steady inflation
-prevents over inflation of lung

39
Q

Rapidly adapting stretch receptors

A

stimulated by sudden, sustained inflation
ALso by irritant receptors among epithelium
Elicit reflexes: cough, bronchoconstriction, mucus secretion

40
Q

Sensory afferent pathways- unmyelinated fibres

A

Pulmonary and bronchial C fibres
located close to BVs
Exogenous, endogenous stimuli
Reflex bronchoconstriction and mucus secretion

41
Q

Exogenous stimuli

A

Noxious agents in air

42
Q

Endogenous stimuli

A

Inflammatory agents generated by the body

43
Q

Cough reflex

A

Stimulation of irritant receptors- sensory nerve conveys signal to medulla
Motor nerves signal to skeletal muscle
Glottis closes
Abdominal and internal intercostal muscles contract rapidly
Intrapulmonary pressure rises
Glottis opens leading to cough

44
Q

Pleural membrane

A

double membrane around the lungs

45
Q

Collapsed lung

A

only affects one lung, other can still function because anatomically distinct

46
Q

Pleural fluid

A

Between 2 membranes, allows them to move along side each other, surface tension holds them together
Lubricant

47
Q

contraction of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles leads to

A

incr lung volume
internal pressure falls (Boyle’s Law)
Air drawn into lungs

48
Q

What is elasticity an indication of

A

how well performing the lung is

49
Q

static compliance

A

at zero flow

end of inspiration or expiration

50
Q

Dynamic compliance

A

compliance during active flow

51
Q

What is compliance altered by

A

increased by surfactant
incr in emphysema (loss of elastic tissue, easier to stretch)
decr in pulmonary fibrosis (scarring, harder to stretch)

52
Q

Metabolic function of the lung

club, vascular cells, fibrinolytic

A

club cells detoxify inhaled substances
Vascular cells inactivate some circulating hormones
Vascular cells activate Angiotensin I, converted to Ang II by Ang converting enzyme
Fibrinolytic function: breakdown of fibrin in blood clots, lung source of fibrinolytic enzymes

53
Q

What is pulmonary compliance

A

measure of elasticity of lung

PA10315 2nd semester (27 decks)

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