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Respiratory system > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 functions of the respiratory system?

A 
Gas exchange
Regulation of body pH
Protection
Vocalisation
Synthesis of hormones
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2
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in the body?

A

Between the atmosphere and blood

Between the blood and tissue

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3
Q

Release of which molecule regulates body pH?

A

CO2

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4
Q

How does CO2 regulate body pH?

A

CO2 + H2O –> H2CO3
H2CO3 –> H+ + HCO3-
H+ release which can change pH levels

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5
Q

Why is the respiratory system needed for vocalisation?

A

Air flow is needed through he vocal chords to make a sound

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6
Q

What enzyme is synthesised in the lungs?

A

Angiotensin

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7
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Exchange between the atmosphere and the lungs
Gas exchange in the lung
Transport of O2/CO2 in the bloodstream
Gas exchange in the tissue

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8
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Chemical reactions in cells producing ATP using O2

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9
Q

What makes up the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx, vocal cords, larynx

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10
Q

What are the functions of the upper respiratory tract? (4)

A

The conchae warm and humidify air.
Hair cells and mucosal surfaces in the nose filter the air
Vocal cords and larynx used for vocalisation

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11
Q

What makes up the lower respiratory tract?

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

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12
Q

What are the functions of the lower respiratory tract? (4)

A

Conduct air
Stabilise conductive airways
Regulate flow
Gas exchange

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13
Q

What are the conductive airways?

A

The airways that conduct clean, warm, moist air
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles.
No gas exchange occurs here

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14
Q

Describe the structure of the trachea and what is the purpose of this?

A

Supported by U-shaped cartilage rings, they help to protect the trachea against insult from outside and ensure it doesn’t collapse as a result of airflow through it.
Not a full ring so can expand when something large passes through it.

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15
Q

When are the muscles around the trachea used?

A

When coughing

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16
Q

How is the upper part of the bronchi held open?

A

Cartilage rings

17
Q

How is the lower part of the bronchi held open?

A

Plates

18
Q

Does the bronchi have a muscular layer?

A

No

19
Q

What cells are found int he epithelium of the conducting airways? What is the name of this system?

A

Goblet cells and ciliated cells

Mucocillary escalator

20
Q

What is the function of goblet cells?

A

Secrete mucous to form a continuous protective layer over the surface of the respiratory tract

21
Q

What is the function of the ciliated cells?

A

Sweeps mucous upwards towards the pharynx

22
Q

What is the function of the mucocillary escalator?

A

Removes noxious particles from the lungs

23
Q

Do the bronchioles have cartilage rings? What does this mean?

A

No

They can collapse and become obstructed

24
Q

What type of muscle lines the walls of the bronchioles?

A

Smooth muscle cells

25
Q

How is the airway diameter of the bronchioles regulated? (4)

A 
Gas composition (CO2)
Hormones (histamine constricts the bronchioles)
Parasympathetic NS (Ach acts on M3 receptors on smooth muscle cells to cause bronchoconstriction)
Sympathetic NS (NA acts on beta 2 receptors on smooth muscle cells to cause bronchodilation)
26
Q

What is the difference between the structure of the side of the alveoli facing the capillaries and the supporting side?

A

The side facing the capillaries is delicate and leaky to allow gas exchange
The supporting side is rich in collagen IV, it is robust and contains elastic fibres

27
Q

What property of alveoli is essential to the function?

A

The elastic properties

28
Q

Does the pulmonary artery conduct oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

A

Deoxygenated

29
Q

What is the purpose of the extensive capillary network?

A

Provide a large SA for gas exchange

30
Q

What is shunt?

A

Blood from the bronchiolar artery draining directly into the pulmonary circulation to reduce O saturation

31
Q

What are the 2 types of alveolar cells and their functions?

A

Alveolar cell type I –> gas exchange

Alveolar cell type II –> secrete surfactant which reduces surface tension and stops the alveoli from collapsing

32
Q

What is the purpose of macrophages in the alveoli

A

They protect the alveoli from small particles and ingest degraded surfactant

33
Q

What is the purpose of pores of Kohn?

A

Intra-alveolar ventilation

34
Q

How are flow and resistance related?

A

Flow is inversely proportional to resistance

35
Q

Why do the bronchioles have the highest resistance?

A

They have the smaller diameter

36
Q

What does resistance depend upon? (3)

A

Diameter of the airways
Flow pattern (laminar or turbulent)
Viscosity of the gas

37
Q

Why does resistance increase in inflamed airways or in airways with increased mucous production?

A

In both circumstances the diameter of the airway decreased

Respiratory system (13 decks)

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