Epi reviion

Question 1

Of the following environmental and behavioral risks, which had the highest number of attributable cancer deaths in 2001?

Answer 1

Smoking

Question 2

The Standardised Mortality Ratio is:

Answer 2

A rate ratio adjusted for age

Question 3

The most common way of presenting results from a meta-analysis is using a:

Answer 3

Forest Plot

Question 4

The most common way of presenting results from a meta-analysis is using a:

Answer 4

Forest Plot

Question 5

The most common way of presenting results from a meta-analysis is using a:

Answer 5

Forest Plot
What is the size of each box proportional to?
Weight of each study
The larger a box is, the more weight is given to that individual study.
What does the centre of the diamond represent?
Pooled point estimate
The pooled point estimate is the overall estimate having taken each study into account.
What would you look at to identify the 95% confidence intervals of each individual study?
Width of whiskers.
Similarly, the width of the diamond represents the overall 95% confidence intervals.

Question 6

The fixed effects and random effects models are used in:

Answer 6

Meta-analyses

The choice of model is dependent on the degree of heterogeneity in the studies used.

Question 7

The fixed effects and random effects models are used in:

Answer 7

Meta-analyses

The choice of model is dependent on the degree of heterogeneity in the studies used.

Question 8

Which of the following constitute Stage 3 of a systematic review?

Answer 8

Reporting study results

Question 9

This is a Forest Plot.

Answer 9

Meta-analysis

Question 10

What is the main conclusion that can be drawn from this diagram?

Answer 10

There is no publication bias

The symmetrical shape of this funnel plot suggests no publication bias.

Question 11

What kind of diagram could be constructed to explore the degree of heterogeneity in this meta-analysis?

Answer 11

Galbraith (radial) plot

However, if there is too much heterogeneity, it may not be appropriate to pool the studies.

Question 12

What kind of diagram could be constructed to explore the degree of heterogeneity in this meta-analysis?

Answer 12

Galbraith (radial) plot

However, if there is too much heterogeneity, it may not be appropriate to pool the studies.

Question 13

How often does the UK Census take place?

Answer 13

Every decade

The most recent census took place in 2011.

Question 14

Of the following, which is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the UK?

Answer 14

Large bowel

Other commonly diagnosed cancers in the UK include lung and breast cancer

Question 15

The ability of a test to distinguish between subjects with a condition from those without it is called the:

Answer 15

Validity

Validity is described in terms of sensitivity and specificity.

Question 16

Screening for high blood pressure in older people is an example of which type of screening?

Answer 16

Mass, opportunistic
It is “mass” because it applies to the whole population, and “opportunistic” because the opportunity to undergo screening occurs when the patient presents to the doctor or health care professional for another reason.

Question 17

What is the term given to screening tests which involve the whole population, usually defined by age or gender?

Answer 17

Mass

An example of a mass programme is breast cancer screening.

Question 18

What is the term given to a definitive test which exposes the true disease status of an individual?

Answer 18

Gold standard

Question 19

The ability of a test to correctly identify people with the disease.

Answer 19

Sensitivity.

This is the ability of the test to identify true positives.

Question 20

hat is the predictive value dependant on?

Answer 20

Negative predictive value (NPV)

The predictive value is dependent on the sensitivity, specificity and the prevalence of the condition.

Question 21

Schistosomiasis is transmitted by cerceriae usually living in which of the following hosts?

Answer 21

The two hosts are humans and snails.

Question 22

The most prevalent neglected tropical disease in Africa is:

Answer 22

Hookworm

Question 23

Praziquantel is used against which neglected tropical disease?

Answer 23

Schistosomiasis

Question 24

Which pharmaceutical company is donating 120 million doses of azithromycin (Zithromax) for trachoma?

Answer 24

Pfizer

Question 25

The cost of providing a “Rapid Impact Package” of drug treatments for neglected tropical diseases costs how much per person per year?

Answer 25

Less than $0.50

Question 26

The pharmaceutical company which has a large commitment to the MDT in eliminating leprosy.

Answer 26

Novartis

Question 27

The drug donated by Pfizer which is mainly used to combat trachoma.

Answer 27

Pfizer have donated 120 million doses of Zithromax.

Zithromax (azithromycin)

Question 28

The pharmaceutical company which has vowed to ‘donate albendazole to WHO for every country that needs it until LF is eliminated as a public health problem’.

Answer 28

GlaxoSmithKline

Question 29

Epidemiological study of cardiovascular disease in the USA shows that

Answer 29

Age-adjusted death rates have decreased since 1950

Question 30

Which of the following is the most important risk factor for cancer?

Answer 30

Tobacco