Functional Anatomy

Question 0

The muscular system can be divided into 2 types. What are they?

Answer 0

Appendicular limb muscles
(biceps brachii, rectus femoris)
Axial trunk muscles
(rectus abdominus, quadratus lumborum)

Question 1

How many skeletal muscles are in the human body?

Answer 1

650

Question 2

What are the 2 key fibre orientations?

Answer 2

Pennate (includes Uni and Bi)

Non-pennate (parallel and fusiform)

Question 3

The adult human skeleton has how many bones?

Answer 3

206

Question 4

At birth the skeleton has how many bones?

Answer 4

270

Question 5

What are green stick fractures?

Answer 5

Young, soft bone which bends and partially breaks

Question 6

What is the mineral content in bones for young children & middle aged adults?

Answer 6

Young children 61% mineral content

Middle aged adults 66% mineral

Question 7

Loading effects. Bone is metabolically active- responds to mechanical stimuli by initiating or inhibiting bone modeling (remodelling)

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Loading effects
Heavy/excessive intensity weight bearing
Results in decrease, increase or no change in bone?

Answer 8

No change/decrease in bone strength

Question 9

Loading effects
High intensity, non-weight bearing (swimming)
Results in increase, decrease or no change in bone strength?

Answer 9

No change

Question 10

Loading effects
Moderate intensity weight bearing
Results in increase, decrease or no change in bone?

Answer 10

Increase of bone

Question 11

Loading effects
Normal daily living weight bearing
Results in increase, decrease or no change in bone?

Answer 11

No change only maintenance

Question 12

Loading effects
Immobilisation (non weight bearing)
Results in?

Answer 12

Loss of bone

Question 13

The appendicular skeleton has how many bones?

These are the levers/movement bones

Answer 13

126

Question 14

The axial skeleton has how many bone?

These support and protect

Answer 14

80

Question 15

Two examples of lever bones are?

Answer 15

Long bone
example- femur (thigh bone)

Short bone
Example- carpal

Question 16

Give examples of Support/protection bone

Answer 16

Irregular
Example vertebrae

Flat
Example skull bones

Question 17

Bone type
Cortical (compact)
What % of the skeleton makes up this?

Cancellous (trabecular)
What % of the skeleton makes up this?

Answer 17

Cortical 80%

Cancellous 20%

Question 18

What are the mechanical functions of bone?

Answer 18

Levers

Support/protection

Question 19

What are the metabolic functions of bone?

Answer 19

Mineral storage (skeletal muscle & nerve conduction)
Blood production (hemopoiesis & cardiovascular function)

Question 20

Osteoblasts job is?

Answer 20

Bone forming

Question 21

What do osteoclasts do?

Answer 21

Bone resorbing

Question 22

Function of osteocytes is?

Answer 22

Mature cell

Question 23

Endochondral ossification

Growth in length or width of long bones?

Answer 23

Length

Question 24

Appositional ossification

Growth in length or width of long bones?

Answer 24

Width

Question 25

What is the function of the agonist muscle

Answer 25

Prime mover

Question 26

What is the function of the synergist (role) muscle

Answer 26

Assistant mover

Question 27

What is the function of the stabiliser?

Answer 27

Fixator

Question 28

What is the function of the antagonist?

Answer 28

Co-contraction

Question 29

Muscle size & loading
Genetic (eg myostatin)
Hormonal (eg peptide hormones)
Environment (eg nutrition)

Answer 29

True

Question 30

Bone functions
Mechanical functions
-levers
-support & protection
Metabolic functions
-mineral storage (skeletal muscle, nerve conduction)
-blood production (hemopoiesis, cardiovascular function

Answer 30

True

Question 31

What is bone remodeling (or bone metabolism)?

Answer 31

Is a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called bone resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called ossification or new bone formation)