Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BC 2- > Glucose metabolism > Flashcards

Glucose metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Enzymes found in the mouth

A

Salivary amylases and lingual lipases

No enzymes for protein breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Enzymes found in the mouth

A

Salivary amylases and lingual lipases

No enzymes for protein breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Elements that aid digestion in the stomach and their roles

A

Chief cells produce gastric lipase and pepsin
Gastrin stimulates both chief cells and parietal cells. Respond by secreting enzymes and HCl
Mechanical digestion occurs in stomach as well -> mechanical and chemical
Gizzard in birds is a special stomach part
Rudiments have specialized 3 parts that specialize in microbial digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Function of chief cells

A

Chief cells produce gastric lipase and pepsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Function of HCl

A

Converts 3D protein structure to linear structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Function of parietal cells

A

Produce HCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Enzymes produced by pancreas

A

Trypsinogen,
Chymotrypsinogen
Carboxypeptidase A & B
Active enzymes target specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where does absorption of lipid soluble substances occur?

A

Stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In what form are enzymes secreted by pancreas into intestines

A

In an inactive form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How are inactive pancreatic enzymes activated

A

Activated by the acidic food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where does most nutrient absorption occur?

A

Duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q 
1 step of glycolysis
Reaction
Purpose
Enzyme
Reaction type
A

Glucose+ ATP-> Glucose 6-phosphate + ADP +H
Hexokinase
Phosphoryl transfer
Traps glucose inside the cell- > lowers intracellular (unphosphorylated) glucose to allow further uptake
Irreversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Reactions of the preparatory phase of glycolysis

A

Glucose-> glucose 6-phosphate-> fructose 6-phosphate-> fructose 1,6-bisphosphate-> Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Reactions of the payoff phase of glycolysis

A

(2) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate-> (2) 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate-> (2) 3-Phosphoglycerate-> (2) 2-Phosphoglycerate-> (2) Phosphoenolpyruvate-> (2) Pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the 1st priming reaction?

A

Glucose-> glucose 6-phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the 2nd priming reaction?

A

fructose 6-phosphate-> fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 2 ATP-forming reactions (substrate-level phosphorylation)

A

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate-> 3-Phosphoglycerate

Phosphoenolpyruvate-> Pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What’s a tautomer?

A

Tautomers are isomers of a compound which differ only in the position of the protons and electrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which glycolysis reaction involves tautomerization?

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate-> Pyruvate second ATP forming reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q 
2 step of glycolysis
Reaction
Purpose
Enzyme
Reaction type 
Irreversible/reversible
A

Glucose 6-phosphate fructose 6-phosphate
Phosphoglucose isomerase
Isomerization
- Makes next steps easier
- C1 of fructose is easier to phosphorylate by PFK
- allows for symmetrical cleavage by aldolase
- Reversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q 
3 step of glycolysis
Reaction
Purpose
Enzyme
Reaction type 
Irreversible/reversible
A

fructose 6-phsophate-> fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
phosphofructokinase-1
- Generates a symmetric 6-carbon molecule
- First committed step of glycolysis
- This process uses the energy of ATP
- Irreversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q 
4 step of glycolysis
Reaction
Purpose
Enzyme
Reaction type 
Irreversible/reversible
A

fructose 1,6-bisphosphate- > G3P + dihydroxyacetone phosphate
by aldolase
6-carbon sugar cleaved into two 3-carbon sugars
High-energy phosphate sugars
Reversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q 
5 step of glycolysis
Reaction
Purpose
Enzyme
Reaction type 
Irreversible/reversible
A

Aldolase creates two triose phosphates:
dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP)
v Only GAP is the substrate for the next enzyme-> triose phosphate isomerase converts DHAP to G3P
v Completes preparatory phase of glycolysis
v Reversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q 
6 step of glycolysis
Reaction
Purpose
Enzyme
Reaction type 
Irreversible/reversible
A 
G3P-> 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Incorporates inorganic phosphate
v First energy-rich molecule: Oxidation of GAP with
NAD+ gives NADH
v Reversible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q 
7 step of glycolysis
Reaction
Purpose
Enzyme
Reaction type 
Irreversible/reversible
A

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate-> 3-Phosphoglycerate
by phosphoglycerate kinase
v Substrate-level phosphorylation to make ATP
v No oxidation required
v Quick source of ATP
v 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate donates the phosphate group to ADP to make ATP
v Reversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q 
8 step of glycolysis
Reaction
Purpose
Enzyme
Reaction type 
Irreversible/reversible
A

3-Phosphoglycerate-> 2-Phosphoglycerate
by phosphoglycerate mutase
v Mutases catalyze the migration of functional groups
v Phosphohistidine of the enzyme donates its phosphate
to 3-phosphoglycerate at the 2-carbon before
retrieving phosphate from the 3-carbon
v Reversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q 
9 step of glycolysis
Reaction
Purpose
Enzyme
Reaction type 
Irreversible/reversible
A

2-Phosphoglycerate-> Phosphoenolpyruvate
by enolase
Generates a high-energy phosphate compound
v Reversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q 
10 step of glycolysis
Reaction
Purpose
Enzyme
Reaction type 
Irreversible/reversible
A 
Phosphoenolpyruvate-> pyruvate
by pyruvate kinase 
Substrate-level phosphorylation
v Pyruvate kinase requires metal
ions for activity.
v Irreversible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which step is lysis step?

A

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate -> G3P and Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Which step is isomerization step?

A

Glucose 6-phosphate to Fructose 6-phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Elements that aid digestion in the stomach and their roles

A 
Chief cells 
Gastric lipase and pepsin 
HCl 
Gastrin stimulates both chief cells and parietal cells. 
Chief cells and parietal cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Function of chief cells

A

Chief cells produce gastric lipase and pepsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Function of HCl

A

Converts 3D protein structure to linear structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Function of parietal cells

A

Produce HCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Definition of Gluconeogenesis:

A

Glucose is formed from non-carbohydrate source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Free energy released in glycolysis is conserved as __ and __

A

Free energy released in glycolysis is conserved as ATP and NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Reactions of the preparatory phase of glycolysis

A

Glucose-> glucose 6-phosphate-> fructose 6-phosphate-> fructose 1,6-bisphosphate-> Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Reactions of the payoff phase of glycolysis

A

(2) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate-> (2) 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate-> (2) 3-Phosphoglycerate-> (2) 2-Phosphoglycerate-> (2) Phosphoenolpyruvate-> (2) Pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the 1st priming reaction?

A

Glucose-> glucose 6-phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the 2nd priming reaction?

A

fructose 6-phosphate-> fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the 2 ATP-forming reactions (substrate-level phosphorylation)

A

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate-> 3-Phosphoglycerate

Phosphoenolpyruvate-> Pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What’s a tautomer?

A

Tautomers are isomers of a compound which differ only in the position of the protons and electrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Which step is lysis step?

A

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate -> G3P and Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is GAPDH used for? Why?

A

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) Is produced in such large quantities by the cells that it is used as a measurement control- highly expressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is used in glycolysis

A

glucose; 2 ATP; 2 NAD+; 4 ADP

46
Q

What is made in glycolysis. What are the products used for?

A

– 2 pyruvate
• different fates
– 4 ATP (2 ATP net!)
• Used for energy-requiring processes within the cell
– 2 NADH
• Must be reoxidized to NAD+ in order for glycolysis to continue

47
Q

Overall formula of glycolysis

A

1 Glucose + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+ + 4 ADP + 2 Pi = 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2ATP + 2 H2O

48
Q

What are the possible fates of glycolysis? Conditions and products

A
  • Fermentation to ethanol in yeast in hypoxic or anaerobic conditions: 2 Pyruvate -> 2 ethanol + 2CO2
  • In animals plants and any microbial cells in aerobic conditions 2 Pyruvate-> 2 Acetyl CoA-> Citric acid cycle-> 4CO2 + 4H2O
  • Fermentation to lactate in muscles, erythrocytes, in some other cells and some microorganisms 2 Pyruvate -> 2 lactate in hypoxic or anaerobic conditions
49
Q

Erythrocytes convert pyruvate to __

A

Erythrocytes convert pyruvate to lactate

50
Q

What occurs to lactate in the liver

A

It gets converted to glucose

Through gluconeogenic pathway

51
Q

Formula for pyruvate conversion into lactate

A

Pyruvate+ NADH -> lactate + NAD+

52
Q

__% of gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver

A

80% of gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver

53
Q

Why is pyruvate to lactate conversion so important?

A

Conversion of pyruvate to lactate is essential to generate NAD+ (electron acceptors) which is essential for glycolysis

54
Q

What is cori cycle?

A

metabolic pathway in which lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis in the muscles moves to the liver and is converted to glucose, which then returns to the muscles and is metabolized

55
Q

Various __ can be broken down to various intermediates for glycolysis

A

Various carbohydrates can be broken down to various intermediates for glycolysis

56
Q

Various carbohydrates can be broken down to various intermediates for glycolysis. At which stages of glycolysis can they enter

A 
As:
glucose 1-phosphate
glucose 6-phosphate
fructose 6-phosphate
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
57
Q

What’s HIF

A

HIF (hypoxia inducible factor) is a transcription factor that is activated during hypoxia (hypo= low)
Has multiple isoforms

58
Q

Hexokinase has multiple __

A

Hexokinase has multiple isoforms

59
Q

What’s PHD and how does it function?

A

Normoxia- normal oxygen concentration - PHD (prolyl hydroxylase) is present
PHD2 (isoform of PHD) senses oxygen concentration in the environment
During normoxia PDH2 induces ubiquitination of HIF to degrade it as it is not needed during normal oxygen concentration

60
Q

How does PHD2 and HIF function during hypoxia?

A

PHD2 doesn’t function as oxygen is low
HIF is not ubiquitinated and degraded- stabilization of HIF
HIF-1α dimerizes with HIF-1β They become a functional dimer
Dimer enters the nucleus and interacts with CBP. Together, they bind to hormone response elements (HRE) to regulate HIF target genes

61
Q

What is special about

A

HIF has multiple isoforms: HIF-1a, HIF-1b

HIF-1a that is ubiquitinated and degraded

62
Q

What’s CBP?

A

cAMP response element Binding Protein- is a transcription factor
It is a GPCR response activated transcription factor. It responds to cAMP-

63
Q

What are the HIF target genes?

A 
GLUT 1/3
Glycolytic enzymes: 
Hexokinase
PFK
Aldolase
GAPDH
Phosphoglycerate Kinase
Phospohoglycerate Mutase
Enolase
Lactate dehydrogenase
64
Q

How does the rate of HIF genes compare in hypoxic and normoxic conditions?

A

HIF genes are expressed in higher amounts in hypoxic conditions to allow glycolysis to happen at high pace to regenerate NAD+ as they code for glycolytic enzymes
During normal oxygenic conditions glycolytic enzymes don’t have to be synthesized in high amounts

65
Q

What’s gluconeogenesis?

A

Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

66
Q

Animals use/do not use fatty acids for gluconeogenesis

A

Animals do not use fatty acids for gluconeogenesis
Metabolism of fatty acids is called b-oxidation which yields Acetyl-CoA
Acetyl-CoA cannot be converted to glucose

67
Q

Which tissues in the body rely heavily on glucose?

A

brain, RBC, testes, renal medulla, embryo)

68
Q

Where does gluconeogenesis happens?

A

mainly liver; also renal cortex and intestinal epithelium

69
Q

Recovery after vigorous exercise involves __

A

Recovery after vigorous exercise involves gluconeogenesis

70
Q

Gluconeogenesis of lactate

A

Lactate-> pyruvate-> TCA-> Phosphoenolpyruvate-> G6P

71
Q

Gluconeogenesis of AA

A

Glucogenic AA-> TCA-> Phosphoenolpyruvate-> G6P

72
Q

Gluconeogenesis of triacylglycerols

A

triacylglycerols->glycerol -> g6p

73
Q

Gluconeogenesis of CO2

A

CO2 fixation-> 3-phosphoglycerate -> G6P

74
Q

How does gluconeogenesis differ from glycolysis?

A

Gluconeogenesis is pretty much glycolysis in reverse apart form 3 steps
4 enzymes replace irreversible enzymes of glycolysis for gluconeogenesis to take place
Additional ATPs are used

75
Q

Number of ATP and NADH required to make 1 molecules of glucose by gluconeogenesis?

A

6 ATP

2 NADH

76
Q

What are the 3 irreversible reactions of glycolysis?

A

1) the conversion of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate by hexokinase
2) the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate by phosphofructokinase-1
3) the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate by pyruvate kinase

77
Q

What is generated by the reactions that replace irreversible reaction of glycolysis in gluconeogenesis?

A

Inorganic phosphates

78
Q

First step of gluconeogenesis
Location
Reactants/products
Special notes

A

First step of gluconeogenesis pyruvate + 2 ATP-> Oxaloacetate + 2 ADP
takes place in mitochondria- pyruvate has to be there

79
Q

Where does gluconeogenesis occurs

A

Pyruvate to Oxaloacetate conversion stakes place in mitochondria
Oxaloacetate conversion to PEP can take place either in mitochondria or cytoplasm
The rest of gluconeogenesis takes place in the cytoplasm

80
Q

Describe 1st set of irreversible enzymes of glycolysis that are replaced in gluconeogenesis

A

pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase replace pyruvate kinase
Pyruvate carboxylase takes pyruvate in mitochondria and adds bicarbonate group to make oxaloacetate
Oxaloacetate is then converted to PEP
Pyruvate carboxylase uses ATP;
PEP carboxykinase uses GTP
In glycolysis PEP was converted to pyruvate by a single enzyme pyruvate kinase

81
Q

How is pyruvate ends up in mitochondria for gluconeogenesis?

A

Pyruvate is transported from the cytosol into mitochondria or is generated from alanine within mitochondria by transamination, in which the a-amino group is transferred from alanine (leaving pyruvate) to an a-keto carboxylic acid

82
Q

Describe 2nd set of irreversible enzymes of glycolysis that are replaced in gluconeogenesis

A

phosphofructokinase -1 is bypassed by fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase-1) which removes one phosphate group of fructose 1,6-bisphospate making it fructose 6-phsophate

83
Q

Describe 3rd set of irreversible enzymes of glycolysis that are replaced in gluconeogenesis

A

The third bypass is the final reaction of gluconeogenesis, the dephosphorylation of glucose 6-phosphate to yield glucose
In gluconeogenesis the reaction catalyzed by glucose 6-phosphatase does not require synthesis of ATP; it is a simple hydrolysis of a phosphate ester
In glycolysis hexokinase reaction would require phosphoryl group transfer from glucose 6-phosphate to ADP, forming ATP, an energetically unfavorable reaction

84
Q

_ enzymes of glycolysis vs _ of gluconeogenesis

A

10 enzymes of glycolysis vs 11 of gluconeogenesis

85
Q

How do AA contribute to gluconeogenesis?

A

Glycogenic AA contribute to gluconeogenesis through multiple end products e.g. pyruvate -many of them come from TCA as intermediates
These AA intermediates can lead up to pyruvate and thus to gluconeogenesis

86
Q

Why can’t leucine and lysine contribute to gluconeogenesis?

A

Their end product is Acetyl-coA thus they cannot contribute to gluconeogenesis - go to ketogenic pathway instead
They are ketogenic AA

87
Q

What are glucogenic AA precursors of? Why?

A

All these amino acids are precursors of blood glucose or liver glycogen, because they can be converted to pyruvate or citric acid cycle intermediates.

88
Q

What’s the most common fate of G6P?

A

Glycolysis

89
Q

In which cells in pentose phosphate pathway more common?

A

More common in highly proliferative cells, such as intestinal epithelium or cancer cells
More common in cells of FA biosynthesis
More common in cells of sterols (cholesterol and steroids) synthesis
More common in cells with oxidative stress

90
Q

What are the 2 enzymes of pentose phosphate pathway and their roles?

A

GAPdh- G6P dehydrogenase- begins the process of pentose phosphate pathway by converting glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconate
Phospho-pentose isomerase converts ribulose 5-phsophate to ribose 5-phsophate.
Reactions of these enzymes produce NADPH

91
Q

What’s is Ribose 5-phosphate precursor for?

A

Ribose 5-phosphate is precursor for many biological molecules such as nucleotides, coenzymes, DNA and RNA

92
Q

What is the purpose of oxidative phase of pentose phosphate?

A

Oxidative phase generates 2 NADPH. End products are important for gene expression and proliferation
G6P dehydrogenase and Phospho-pentose isomerase are part of this phase.

93
Q

What are the steps of Oxidative phase of pentose phosphate pathway

A

Glucose 6-phosphate-> 6-Phosphogluconate-> Ribulose 5-phosphate-> ribose 5-phosphate

94
Q

Which tissues are susceptible to oxidative damage? What is important for these cells?

A
  • Tissues exposed to high O2 (cornea and RBC) and thus oxidative damage
  • NADPH is important in these cells
95
Q

What’s NADPH a source of?

A

Hydrogen

96
Q

Why is NADPH important?

A

Many enzymes such as enzymes for sterol, fatty synthesis depend on NADPH as hydrogen source. They use reductive biosynthesis- synthesis of biomolecules using hydrogen. Thus NADPH is important in liver cells, mammary glands, adrenal glands etc
NADPH also acts as a hydrogen source for glutathione reductase which is important in oxidative stress- in cells as RBC and cornea- exposed to high levels of oxygen

97
Q

Which tissues use NADPH as a hydrogen source for their synthesis?

A

FA synthesis in liver, kidney and lactating mammary gland

Cholesterol/steroid synthesis in liver, adrenal and gonads

98
Q

Describe the chemistry behind oxidative stress

A

Whenever there’s high oxygen concentration, there’s a possibility of formation of superoxide - oxygen with extra electron (unstable)
This can be converted to hydrogen peroxide which can be broken down to hydroxyl free radical which can damage lipids, 3D structure of proteins and DNA

99
Q

How can hydrogen peroxide created during oxidative stress be neutralized?

A

Hydrogen peroxide can be converted to water to prevent the damage. This is catalyzed by glutathione peroxidase which requires 2 H+ to add to H2O2.
H2O2+ 2H+-> 2H2O

100
Q

what’s the hydrogen source for glutathione peroxidase

A

Hydrogen source of glutathione peroxidase is glutathione which is found in 2 forms: GSH (reduced form) and GSSG (oxidized form- no hydrogen to donate)
Hydrogen is gotten from GSH

101
Q

How’s GSSG turned into GSH

A

Oxidized form GSSG requires hydrogen which is provided by NADPH via glutathione reductase to come back to reduced form
NADPH comes from pentose phosphate pathway

102
Q

What are the 2 phases of ribose 5 phosphate pathway?

A

Non-oxidative and oxidative

103
Q

What is the purpose of non-oxidative phase of pentose phosphate?

A

Non-oxidative phase regenerates G6P from R5P

104
Q

Are any carbons added or removed in non-oxidative phase of pentose phosphate?

A

No

105
Q

How are non-oxidative and oxidative phases of pentose phosphate connected?

A

Transketolases and Transaldolases of non-oxidative phase are involved in conversion of ribose 5-phospahte (end product of oxidative phase) to fructose 6-phophate and ultimately to glucose-6-phosphate

106
Q

What are the steps of non-oxidative phase of pentose phosphate pathway?

A

Ribose 5-phosphate is converted to sedoheptulose 7-phosphate by transketolase
Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate is converted to fructose 6-phosphate by transaldolase
Fructose 6-phosphate is then converted to glucose 6-phosphate

107
Q

Why is non-oxidative phase of pentose phosphate pathway so economic?

A

Non-oxidative is economic as it brings back glucose 6-phosphate - no new glucose is diverted towards this reaction.

108
Q

Can ribose 5-phsophate be generated in absence of glucose

A

F-6-P and GAP can yield R-5-P without glucose 6-phosphate, thus ribose 5-phosphate can be generated even in absence of glucose

109
Q

Transketolases and Transaldolases are highly expressed in _ cells

A

Transketolases and Transaldolases are highly expressed in cancer cells

110
Q

What induces negative feedback on enzymes in pentose phosphate pathway?

A

NADPH

111
Q

What determines whether G6P goes into glycolysis or pentose phosphate pathway?

A

G6P partitioning either through pentose phosphate or through glycolysis depends on cell’s needs
- If cell needs ATP- G6P goes through glycolysis
If cells are exposed do oxidative stress or they need a lot of nucleotide synthesis-> pentose phosphate pathway

112
Q

What activated G6PD?

A

NADP+

BC 2- (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions