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BECOM II Exam III > STUDY GUIDE > Flashcards

STUDY GUIDE Flashcards

1
Q

Trace blood flow through the kidney

A

Renal, segmental, interlobar, accurate, interlobular, afferent, glomerulus, efferent

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2
Q

Which have the darker lumen PCT or DCT

A

PCT

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3
Q

What embryological gives rise to the urogenital system

A

Intermediate mesoderm

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4
Q

What is the effect of hypertension of Kf

A

Thickens membrane

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5
Q

What is the effect of PTH

A

PCT- decrease PO4 reabsorption

DCT- increase Ca2+ reabsorption

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6
Q

How to stimulate renin secretion

A

Low BP
Low Na
High B1 adrenergic stimulation

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7
Q

What is the equation for filtration fraction

A

FF=GFR/[RPF]

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8
Q

What is the equation for GFR

A

Kf x (Pbc - PBS - COP)

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9
Q

What is the effect of adenosine

A

Constriction of AA

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10
Q

What is the effect of ANP

A

Dialation of AA, constrictions of EA

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11
Q

What does angiotensin do to ADH

A

Causes a release

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12
Q

What is the effect of angiotensin on mesangeal cells

A

Causes them to contract and reduce Kf

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13
Q

What is renins arch nemesis

A

ANP

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14
Q

What happens to GFR of burn patient

A

Increases

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15
Q

Where is NHE3

A

PCT and TAL

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16
Q

Where is NBC-1

A

Pct

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17
Q

Where is the OAT transporter

A

PCT

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18
Q

What is the primary place for production of ammonia

A

PCT

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19
Q

What is the response to acidosis

A

Uptake of glutamine to create ammonia

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20
Q

What is the equation of filtration load

A

GFR x [plasma conc]

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21
Q

What is the equation for RPF

A

Cpah/ .9

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22
Q

What are opioid users at risk of

A

Right side tricuspid valve endocarditis

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23
Q

mannitol and glycerol are examples of

A

Loop diuretics, filtered but not absorbed, slows down water reabsorption

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24
Q

What does flouresimide inhibit

A

NKCC, leads to hypocalcemia and hyokalemia

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25
Q

Thiazides cause ________ because it inhibits NCC

A

Hypercalcemia

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26
Q

_________ can result from hypokalemia

A

Hypomagnesium

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27
Q

Intracellular ____ binds and partially inactive ROMMK

A

Mg++

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28
Q

TRPM6 is stimulated by

A

EGF

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29
Q

ENAC is inhibited by

A

ANP

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30
Q

What does enduring do

A

Exchanges HCO3- and Cl-

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31
Q

What upregulates ENAC

A

Insulin, ADH, catecholamines, tubular glow, Ang II

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32
Q

Water follows salt if _____ is present

A

ADH

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33
Q

What does progesterone block

A

Aldosterone

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34
Q

Manitou, urea, and glucose are examples of

A

Osmotic diuretics

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35
Q

Hyperkalemia results in an _______ in excitability

A

Increase

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36
Q

Insulin can be used as an emergency treatment for

A

Hyperkalemia

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37
Q

Hypocalcemia results in an ______ in excitability

A

Increase

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38
Q

GI fluid loss, or hemorrhage causes

A

Isosmotic dehydration

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39
Q

Diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidous, and alcoholism cause

A

Hypersomsotic dehydration

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40
Q

A loss of nacl (aldosterone deficiency)

A

Hyposomotic dehydration

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41
Q

Caused by an admistratio n of large volume of isotonic nacl and edema

A

Isosmotic overhydration

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42
Q

Caused by intake of large amounts of hypertonic fluid

A

Hyperosmotic overhydration

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43
Q

Caused by excessive intake of water or inappropriate ADH secretion

A

Hyposmotic overhydration

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44
Q

What is a common symptom seen in CHF

A

Hyponatremia

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45
Q

ADH increases _______ and _______ reabsorption

A

Water and salt

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46
Q

Urine specific gravity does not work in

A

Uncontrolled diabetes

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47
Q

What are the effects of acidosis on glucoseneogensis

A

Increases, also increases SN1 transporter

48
Q

What is the plan of ammonia

A

9

49
Q

Breakdown of glutamine produces

A

2 ammonia, 2 HCO3-

50
Q

What is the effect of metabolic alkalosis on K

A

Hypokalemia

51
Q

High BP can lead to metabolic

A

Alkalosis

52
Q

Eczema is mediated by what

A

IgE

53
Q

Spherocytes in blood is mediated by

A

Antibody

54
Q

Hemolytic anemia and goodpasture are

A

Cytotoxic

55
Q

Which peanut allergy is most common

A

H2

56
Q

Serum sickness is what kind of sensitivity

A

Type III

57
Q

Chronic graft reactions are what kind fo sensitivity

A

Type IV

58
Q

SLE is mediated by

A

Type III

59
Q

What is Arthur’s reaction caused by

A

DPT/tetanus

60
Q

Type IV is driven by what T helper cells

A

Th1 and Th17

61
Q

What has strongest HLA class I association

A

Sky losing spondylitis

62
Q

Celiac disease is associated with what deficiency

A

Selective IgA

63
Q

What is MS treated with

A

IFN gamma

64
Q

How do you differentiate crohns and celiacs disease

A

Improvement in gluten diet in celiac

65
Q

Swelling is a common occurrence in

A

Necrosis

66
Q

Blebbing is seen in

A

Apoptosis

67
Q

How do cytotoxic T lymphocytes kill cells

A

Granny me B

68
Q

Most important catalyst of phase I runs

A

Cytochrome P450

69
Q

Ringed sideroblasts in blood

A

Pb posioning

70
Q

Accumulation of lipids in the brain

A

Mercury

71
Q

Interferes with ox phos

A

Arsenic

72
Q

Itai itai is caused by

A

Cadmium

73
Q

Burn sites are ideal for

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

74
Q

Ionizing radiation leads to

A

Fibrosis

75
Q

Defective CD 40

A

Hyper IgM

76
Q

Defective AID

A

Hyper IgM

77
Q

Defective Th17

A

Hyper IgE

78
Q

What does IL-2 do

A

Colonial expansion of T cells and increases macrophages

79
Q

IFN gamma promotes class switch to

A

IgG

80
Q

IL-4 class switch to

A

IgE

81
Q

Athletes foot induces

A

Th17

82
Q

What are the pro inflammatory cytokines

A

IL1, IL6, TNF, IL8

83
Q

What allows medullary thymus cells to express cell antigens

A

AIRE

84
Q

Hyperacute is mediated by

A

Antibodies

85
Q

Vascular thrombosis is what type of hypersensitivity

A

Type II

86
Q

GVHD is what type of hypersensitivity

A

Type IV

87
Q

TFG-B induces class switch to

A

IgA

88
Q

When is RAG/TDT expressed

A

Heavy-both

Light-RAG

89
Q

What do Igalpha and Ig Beta signal

A

Stop of heavy change rearrangement

90
Q

What deficiency would you expect with no RAG

A

No B or T cells

91
Q

No NK cells, B cells, Tcells

A

AID deficiency

92
Q

What occurs in dark zone

A

SHM CSR proliferate

93
Q

Where are CTLA-4 expressed and what do they bind to

A

T cells and CD80/86 with higher affinity than CD28

94
Q

What are the side effects of checkpoint inhibitors

A

Hypersensitivites

95
Q

Too many Tregs is indicative of

A

Cancer

96
Q

What embryological gives rise to the urogenital system

A

Intermediate mesoderm

97
Q

What is the effect of hypertension of Kf

A

Thickens membrane

98
Q

What is the effect of PTH

A

PCT- decrease PO4 reabsorption

DCT- increase Ca2+ reabsorption

99
Q

How to stimulate renin secretion

A

Low BP
Low Na
High B1 adrenergic stimulation

100
Q

What is the equation for filtration fraction

A

FF=GFR/[RPF]

101
Q

What is the equation for GFR

A

Kf x (Pbc - PBS - COP)

102
Q

What is the effect of adenosine

A

Constriction of AA

103
Q

What is the effect of ANP

A

Dialation of AA, constrictions of EA

104
Q

What does angiotensin do to ADH

A

Causes a release

105
Q

What is the effect of angiotensin on mesangeal cells

A

Causes them to contract and reduce Kf

106
Q

What is renins arch nemesis

A

ANP

107
Q

What happens to GFR of burn patient

A

Increases

108
Q

Where is NHE3

A

PCT and TAL

109
Q

Where is NBC-1

A

Pct

110
Q

Where is the OAT transporter

A

PCT

111
Q

What is the primary place for production of ammonia

A

PCT

112
Q

What is the response to acidosis

A

Uptake of glutamine to create ammonia

113
Q

What is the equation of filtration load

A

GFR x [plasma conc]

114
Q

What is the equation for RPF

A

Cpah/ .9

115
Q

What are opioid users at risk of

A

Right side tricuspid valve endocarditis

116
Q

mannitol and glycerol are examples of

A

Loop diuretics, filtered but not absorbed, slows down water reabsorption

117
Q

What does flouresimide inhibit

A

NKCC, leads to hypocalcemia and hyokalemia

BECOM II Exam III (5 decks)

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