Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Renal > Anatomy of the Upper Renal Tract > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Upper Renal Tract Flashcards

1
Q

what is the urinary tract?

A

anatomical structures through which urine passes from its production to its excretion
Kidney > Ureter > Bladder > Urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is excreted via the urethra?

A

urine and semen in males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the components of the upper urinary tract?

A

kidneys (right and left)
ureters (right and left)
- one to drain each kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the components of the lower urinary tract?

A

bladder

urethra (unpaired)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where will an upper urinary tract infection spread?

A

kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where will a lower urinary tract infection spread?

A

urethra and bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what urinary tract components are found in the abdomen?

A

kidneys
proximal ureters
(both are retroperitoneal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what urinary tract components are found in the pelvis?

A

distal ureters
bladder
proximal urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what urinary tract components are found in the perineum?

A

distal urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where are the kidneys found?

A

retroperitoneal organs inside the abdominal cavity
anterior surface of kidneys are in contact with visceral peritoneum
right = level of L2
left = level of L1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the renal hilum?

A

root of the kidney

main arteries, veins and urinary structures enter/exit the kidney here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what enters/exits via the renal hilum?

A

renal vein
renal artery
ureter
(from anterior to posterior)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the 3 layers of the anterolateral abdominal wall msucles?

A

external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what layers are found on top of the kidneys (anteriorly)?

A 
visceral peritoneum
paranephric fat
renal (deep) fascia
perinephric fat
renal capsule (basically another layer of deep fascia)
(from outside to inside)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

describe perinephric fat

A

almost like liquid fat

kidney is therefore almost floating in the liquid fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what causes pain when kidney is inflamed etc?

A

affects the renal capsule which is very tightly wrapped around the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

aorta vs vena cava on CT?

A

aorta always on patient’s left side
IVC always on patients right side, site more anteriorly than aorta
can look similar as renal artery extends from aorta and renal vein from the IVC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

vertebral position of each kidney?

A

left = T12 - L2
right = L1 - L3
- due to presence of liver which pushes it down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

which ribs are associated with the kidneys?

A

ribs 11 and 12 (floating ribs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

muscle relations of kidneys?

A

kidneys lie anterior to quadratus lumborum and lateral to psoas major

21
Q

in what quadrants are the kidneys found?

A

LUQ

RUQ

22
Q

balloting the right kidney?

A

palpate posteriorly within the right flank, just inferior to the 12th rib
palpate anteriorly within the RUQ
as the patient breathes in, the kidneys descend and may be trapped for examination between the palpating hands
kidneys then move superiorly on expiration

23
Q

normal examination of kidney?

A 
12cm long
6cm wide
smooth 
regular
firm
24
Q

anatomical relations of the right kidney?

A

posterior to the liver and hepatorenal recess

posterior to 2nd part of duodenum, ascending colon and right colic flexure

25
Q

deepest part of the peritoneal cavity when lying supine?

A

hepatorenal recess

- means abnormal fluid will collect here

26
Q

anatomical relationships of the left kidney?

A

posterior to the stomach, tail of the pancreas, hilum of spleen and splenic vessels

27
Q

arterial supply to the kidneys?

A

renal arteries

28
Q

venous drainage of the kidneys?

A

renal veins

most anterior

29
Q

lymphatic drainage of the kidneys?

A

drains to lumbar nodes (around midline around abdominal aorta and vena cava)

30
Q

arterial supply tot he ureter?

A

branches from renal artery, abdominal aorta, common iliac, internal iliac and vesical (bladder) artery

31
Q

lymphatic drainage of the ureter?

A

drains to the lumbar nodes and iliac nodes

32
Q

where does the abdominal aorta bifurvate?

A

umbilicus

vertebral level L4

33
Q

supra vs infra renal AAA?

A

suprarenal originates above the branching of the renal arteries
infrarenal = below

34
Q

management of AAA?

A

EVAR

open repair

35
Q

what might a infrarenal AAA be associated with when combined with renal artery stenosis?

A

atherosclerosis

36
Q

what might a suprarenal AAA be associated with when combined with renal artery stenosis?

A

occlusion of the proximal renal artery by the aneurysm

the aneurysm is causing the stenosis

37
Q

anatomical variations?

A 
bifid renal pelvis
bifid/duplicated ureter
retro-caval ureter (goes behind IVC)
horse shoe kidney
ectopic pelvic kidney
38
Q

what gives the striped appearance of the pyramids of the medulla?

A

regularly arranged nephrons

39
Q

what are the components of the kidney?

A 
renal capsule
renal cortex
renal medulla
- contains renal pyramids
- each pyramid contains 50,000 nephrons
40
Q

how does urine drain from the kidney?

A

nephrons collecting duct > minor calyx > major calyx (combination of minor calyxes) > renal pelvis > ureter

41
Q

describe how the diameter of urine drainage tubes changes as urine drains from the kidneys

A

diameter increases until a constriction at the pelviuteric junction (the wider renal pelvis becomes the narrower ureter)

42
Q

significance of sites of constriction?

A

means things can get stuck (renal stones)

43
Q

what are the 3 anatomical sites of ureteric constriction?

A

pelviuteric junction
ureter crossing anterior aspect of the common iliac artery (often crosses the bifurcation)
ureteric orifice - opening into one corner of the trigone on the floor of the bladder

44
Q

what are renal calculi?

A

renal stones

form from urine calcium salts and can obstruct the urinary tract from within

45
Q

what can cause uteric obstruction?

A

internal obstruction - impacted calculus or blood clot

external compression - expanding mass (e.g tumour)

46
Q

how does the ureter respond to obstruction?

A

has smooth muscle so responds similarly to GI tract

  • increased peristalsis proximal to site of obstruction
  • as peristalsis comes in waves, a patient with a ureteric obstruction tends to have colicky pain
47
Q

consequences of urinary tract obstruction?

A

can cause urine to back up into kidneys
obstrucitons within calyces or ureter cause unilateral back pressure of urine
obstruction within the bladder may cause unilateral or bilateral kidney problems
obstructions in urethra cause bilateral kidney problems
urine production will continue until the pressure within the urinary tract exceeds the pressures favouring filtration at the glomerulus
renal failure means failure to adequately filter the blood to produce urine

48
Q

what is hydronephrosis?

A

water inside the kidney
urine back pressure into the calyces compresses the nephrons within the medullary pyramids leading to renal failure
causes painful stretching of the renal capsule

Renal (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions