Collapsed Structures- PN 302 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the NATURAL causes of collapse?

A
  • Earthquake
  • Hurricane
  • Lightning
  • Flooding
  • Subsidence
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2
Q

What are the HUMAN causes of collapse?

A
  • Premises is under renovation
  • Accidental impact
  • Arson
  • Terrorism induced (vehicular impact,explosion)
  • Accidental gas explosion
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3
Q

What are the elements of structure?

A

Beam : spans an opening,can withstand
load placed upon it
Column: carries weight via compressive
force to elements below
Floor : divides building,helps Support walls
Wall : load bearing or not,separates area and
provides Shelter
Protected Shaft:enclosed space between floors,
increased strength + fire resistance
Gallery : floor spanning high ceiling room, adds
space and helps support high wall.

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4
Q

What are the types of construction?

A

Framed. :typically steel or reinforced
concrete, frame bears load.
Commonly modern buildings,
greater resistance to collapse.

Unframed :Walls will be load bearing, also referred
to traditional or masonry construction.
If load bearing walls columns or
beams fail, result is extensive
collapse + large area of debris.

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5
Q

What are the 3 categories of collapse?

A
  • Internal
  • External
  • Total
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6
Q

Name the 4 types of Internal collapse

A

-Pancake: failure of load bearing walls or an
upper floor.one collapse causes
subsequent collapses via shock
loading.
-Lean to : where a supporting wall fails
and a beam fails at one end,
forming triangle shaped void
- “V”. : Floor fails in centre, but not at ends
- Tent : Floor beams fail near outer walls but
remain supported in centre.

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7
Q

Name the 3 types of external collapse

A

-90° collapse:MOST DANGEROUS- wall
falls outward for a distance at.
least equal to its height.
-Curtain :Part of the wall comes straight
down, debris piles up near base.
-Inward/ :horizontal crack in middle
Outward causes one section to collapse
inward, one outward

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8
Q

Who should the OIC request at any dangerous structure / collapse?

A

Local authority Dangerous Structures engineer.

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9
Q

Pending the arrival of a Dangerous Structures Engineer, what control ,ensures can be implemented?

A

Cordons put in place

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10
Q

Depending on the scale and causes of collapse, what procedures may need to be instigated by the IC?

A
  • Major Incident procedure
  • Terrorist related Incidents
  • HAZMATS
  • Civil Disturbance
  • Fires involving Radiation
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11
Q

Why is scene preservation an important consideration?

A

The majority of collapses will be subject to an investigation by the Police and HSE.

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12
Q

What unusual pressures, particularly in the early stages of the incident, may crews face?

A

Extreme Pressure to act through public expectation.

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13
Q

Why is it important to remove Good Samaritans from the scene as quickly as possible?

A

Any remaining parts of the structure may be structurally unsafe, and uncoordinated actions by non emergency service personnel could lead to further collapse.

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14
Q

What hazards may be encountered at collapsed structure incidents?

A
  • obstructed/restricted access
  • restricted visibility (smoke,dust)
  • unstable underfoot conditions
  • falling objects
  • overhanging hazards
  • airborne particulates/irrespirable atmosphere
  • secondary collapse
  • weight and position of casualties
  • bulk and weight of debris
  • explosive / flammable atmosphere
  • poor lighting
  • biological hazards
  • exposed / damaged utilities
  • asbestos
  • sharp/protruding objects
  • further acts of terror (if this was the initial cause)
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15
Q

What would the OIC consider requesting and providing at an early stage of the incident?

A

Request.
USAR tactical advisor (UA)
Dangerous Structures Engineer

Provide.
RVP
Dedicated USAR RVP if required.

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16
Q

What would be an OIC’s Early considerations?

A
-Positioning of appliances/RVP To minimise 
  vibration
-correct level of PPE Required
-creation of zones / cordons
-Isolation of Utilities
17
Q

What considerations should staff committed to the structure make?

A

-Avoid forcing doors or windows, they may
be supporting load.
-Staff should remain as close to walls as
possible to avoid undue strain on floors.
- Utilities may not be isolated.

18
Q

What Tactical considerations should an OIC make?

A

Incidents of this nature:

  • are usually protracted
  • attract a large attendance
  • require close Inter-agency working
19
Q

What capability does the brigade have to deal with collapsed structures, and what resources provide the staff and equipment?

A

Capability- USAR (part of new dimension)
Resources- Dedicated FRU’s, plus 5
Modules

20
Q

What are the 5 USAR Modules?

A
1-Structural Collapse
2-Major Transport
3-Breaching and Breaking
4-Multi Purpose Vehicle 
5-Timber
21
Q

In what way should operations be carried out and what order should rescues be undertaken

A

Operations should be systematic, co-ordinated and based on up to date information.
Rescues should be easiest first moving on to more complex.

22
Q

What are the ‘6 stages of rescue’?

A
R - Reconnaissance and survey
E - Elimination of utilities
P - Primary surface search and rescue
E - Exploration of voids and spaces
A - Access by selected debris removal
T - Terminate by general debris removal

*stages will overlap, but all must be completed.
This is a protracted process.

23
Q

What control measures must be implemented by the OIC to ensure crew safety?

A

-Dedicated safety officers
-An evacuation signal must be established
and communicated
-Minimum staff committed to risk area at any time
-Emergency team must remain available

24
Q

What resources can the IC consider at the R stage

A

TIC
Interrogation of plans
Interview of witnesses