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cell biology > Plant structure & growth > Flashcards

Plant structure & growth Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 basic plant organs?

A

Roots
Stems
Leaves

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2
Q

What are the 3 basic plant organs organised into?

A

Root & shoot systems

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3
Q

What are the 3 functions of roots?

A

> anchoring plant
absorbing minerals & water
storing carbohydrates

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4
Q

What is the primary root?

A

The 1st root (& organ) to emerge from a germinating seed

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5
Q

Describe the root system of eudicots & gymnosperms

A

Taproot system:
> a taproot = main vertical root
> lateral roots = arise from taproot

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6
Q

Describe the root system of monocots

A

Fibrous root system:
> adventitious roots = arise from stems/leaves
> lateral roots = arise from adventitious roots

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7
Q

Where does absorption of water & minerals occur in most plants?

A

At or near root hairs

- increase SA

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8
Q

What are the examples of root adaptations w/ specialised functions?

A 
> prop roots
> buttress roots
> 'strangling' aerial roots
> pneumatophores
> storage roots
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9
Q

What is the function of prop roots?

A

Support tall, top-heavy trees in sandy soils

e.g. Hala trees in south pacific

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10
Q

What is the function of buttress roots?

A

Prevent trees falling over which have v shallow root systems
e.g. in tropical forests w/ nutrient-poor soil

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11
Q

What is the function of ‘strangling’ aerial roots?

Why are they ‘strangling’?

A

Seeds can germinate in branches of tall trees
–> send aerial roots to the soil

Shading from leaves of new plant kills the host tree

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12
Q

What is the function of pneumatophores?

A

Obtain O2 from air as thick estuarine mud lacks O2
- negatively geotropic roots

e.g. Mangroves

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13
Q

What is the function of storage roots?

A

Store water & sugar

e.g. sugar beet

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14
Q

What do stems consist of?

A

Alternating system of nodes (= points where leaves attach)

& internodes (= segments between nodes)

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15
Q

What is an axillary bud?

A

A structure that has the potential to dorm a lateral shoot or branch

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16
Q

What is an apical bud?

A

(AKA terminal bud)

Located near shoot tip & causes elongation of a young shoot

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17
Q

What are the examples of modified stems?

A

> rhizome
stolons
tubers
bulbs

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18
Q

What are rhizomes?

A

Horizontal shoots that grow just below surface

e.g. Iris

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19
Q

What are stolons?

A

Horizontal shoots that grow along soil surface & allow asexual reproduction of platelets at nodules along stolon

E.g. strawberry plants

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20
Q

What are tubers?

A

Enlarged ends of rhizomes/stolons
Used for storing food

(the ‘eyes’ on potatoes are axillary buds)

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21
Q

What are bulbs?

A

Vertical underground shoots that store food

E.g. onion

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22
Q

What do leaves generally consist of?

A

A flattened blade & a petiole (=stalk)

- joins leaf to node of stem

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23
Q

How do monocots & eudicots differ in the arrangement of veins in leaves?

A

Monocots = parallel veins

Eudicots = branching veins

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24
Q

What are the 3 types of leaf shape?

A

Simple
Compound
Doubly compound

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25
Q

What are the examples of modified leaves?

A 
> tendrils
> spines
> storage leaves
> reproductive leaves
> bracts
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26
Q

What are tendrils?

What is different about grapevine tendrils?

A

Leaves that support plants e.g. pea plants use to cling to objects

Once attached tendril coils & pulls plant closer to support

They’re modified stems NOT leaves

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27
Q

Give an example of spines

A

Spikes on a cactus

Photosynthesis carried out in fleshy green stem

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28
Q

Give an example of a storage leaf

A

In ice plants they store water

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29
Q

Give an example of reproductive leaves

A

In succulents they form adventitious platelets that fall off & take root in the soil

30
Q

What are bracts?

A

Modified leaves surrounding flowers

  • brightly coloured & attract pollinators
    e. g. in poinsettia
31
Q

What are the 3 types of tissue in each plant organ?

A

Dermal
Vascular
Ground

32
Q

What is dermal tissue?

A

The protective layer

33
Q

What is vascular tissue?

A

A continuous transport system arranged differently in each organ

34
Q

What is ground tissue?

A

Where most metabolic functions take place

35
Q

Describe dermal tissue systems in non-woody plants

A

Called the epidermis

Cuticle (=waxy coating) prevents water loss from epidermis

36
Q

Describe dermal tissue systems in woody plants

A

Protective tissues called periderm replace epidermis in older regions of stems & roots

Trichomes = outgrowths of shoot epidermis & helps/ insect defence

37
Q

What is the role of the vascular tissue system?

A

Carry out long-distance transport of materials between roots & shoots

38
Q

What are the 2 vascular tissues?

A

Phloem - organic nutrients

Xylem - water & minerals

39
Q

What is the vascular system of a stem/root collectively known as?

A

The steele

‘pilar’ in greek

40
Q

Describe the arrangement of the ground tissue system

A

Pith = internal to vascular tissue

Cortex = external to vascular tissue

Includes cells specialised for storage, photosynthesis & support

41
Q

What are the 5 major types of plant cells?

A 
> parenchyma
> collenchyma
> sclerenchyma
> water-conducting cells of xylem 
> sugar-conducting cells of phloem
42
Q

What are the features of parenchyma cells?

A

> thin, flexible primary walls
NO secondary walls
least specialised
perform the most metabolic functions
retain ability to divide & differentiate
large central vacuole
can differentiate into other cells types e.g. wound repair

(entire plant can be grown from 1 parenchyma cell)

43
Q

What is the difference between parenchyma cells in leaves vs stems & roots

A

> in leaves - have chloroplasts

> in stems & roots - have colourless plastids that store starch (=amyloplasts)

44
Q

What are the features of collenchyma cells?

A

> grouped in strands & help support young parts of plant shoot
thicker & uneven cell walls
NO secondary walls
provide flexible support w/out restraining growth

45
Q

What are the features of sclerenchyma cells?

A 
> rigid due to thick secondary walls strengthened w/ lignin
> dead at functional maturity 
> 2 types:
- sclereids
- fibres
46
Q

What are the features of sclereids?

A

> Short & irregular in shape
Thick lignified secondary walls
Impact hardness to seed coats & nut shells
(texture of pear fruits)

47
Q

What are the features of fibres?

A

> long & slender

> arranged in threads

48
Q

What happens to water-conducting cells of the xylem at maturity?

A

Die

- cell components disintegrate leaving lignin-hardened cell wall

49
Q

What are the 2 types of water-conducting cells of the xylem?

Where are they found?

A

Tracheids
- found in xylem of most vascular plants

Vessel elements
- in most angiosperms & few gymnosperms

50
Q

What are vessel elements?

A

Wider, shorter, thinner walled & less tapered than tracheas

Movement of water between vessel elements is via perforated end walls

51
Q

What are tracheids?

A

Long, thin w/ tapered ends

Movement of water between tracheids is via pits

52
Q

What are sieve-tube elements like at maturity?

A

Alive

Lack nucleus, ribosomes, vacuole & cytoskeleton

53
Q

What does the reduction in cell contents enable sieve-tube elements to do?

A

Conduct nutrients

54
Q

What are sieve plates?

A

Porous end walls that allow fluid to flow between cells along the sieve tube

55
Q

What does each sieve-tube element have?

A

A non-conducting companion cell whose nucleus & ribosomes serve both cells

56
Q

What is the general function of meristems?

A

Generate cells for primary & secondary growth

57
Q

What are the 2 types of growth in plants?

A

Indeterminate
- grow throughout life
Determinate
- organs that cease to grow at certain size

58
Q

What are the 2 type of meristems?

A

Apical

Lateral

59
Q

Where are apical meristems located?

A

Tips of roots & shoots

Axillary buds of shoots

60
Q

What do apical meristems do?

A

Elongate roots & shoots = primary growth

61
Q

What do lateral meristems do?

A

In woody plants - add thickness to shoots & roots

= secondary growth

62
Q

What are the 2 lateral meristems?

A

Vascular cambium
- adds layers of vascular tissue
= secondary xylem & secondary phloem

Cork cambium
- replaces epidermis w/ periderm
= thicker & tougher

63
Q

What is the root tip covered by?

Why?

A

A root cap

- protects apical meristem as root pushes through soil

64
Q

What are the 3 zones of cells behind the root tip?

A

> zone of cell division
zone of elongation
zone of differentiation/maturation

65
Q

Where do lateral roots arise from?

A

Within the pericycle

= outermost later in vascular cylinder

66
Q

Describe a shoot apical meristem

A

Dome-shaped mass of dividing cells at shoot tip

67
Q

Where do leaves develop from?

A

Leaf primordia along sides of apical meristem

68
Q

Where do axillary buds develop from?

What do axillary buds give rise to?

A

Meristematic cells left at bases of leaf primordia

Lateral shoots

69
Q

How is vascular tissue arranged in most eudicots?

A

Vascular bundles arranged in a ring

70
Q

How is vascular tissue arranged in most monocot stems?

A

Vascular bundles scattered throughout ground tissue

71
Q

What is the ground tissue in a leaf called?

What are the 2 layers can eudicots called?

A

Mesophyll

Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll

72
Q

What is each vein/vascular bundle in leaves enclosed by?

What is the role of vascular bundles?

A

A protective bundle sheath

Support leaf shape

cell biology (23 decks)

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