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MTB x > week 9 part 1 > Flashcards

week 9 part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does stress have an impact on?

A
  1. Mood disorder

2. Mental disorder

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2
Q

What are the neuroendocrine response to stress?

A
  1. Cognitive identification of stimulus
  2. Appraisal of capacity to respond
  3. Physiological response
  4. Behavioural response
  5. Recovery
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3
Q

What is stress?

A

A learned response in majority of the cases

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4
Q

What can stress also be?

A

Autonomic sensor response to an environment that is noxious/ damaging to the organism

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5
Q

What is the cognitive identification of stimulus seen as ?

A
  1. Stressful

2. harmful

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6
Q

What are examples of physiological response?

A
  1. Increase heart rate
  2. Respiration
  3. Vasoconstriction
  4. Suppression of immune and reproductive system
  5. Redirection of glucose metabolism
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7
Q

What is behavioural response?

A

e.g. fight or flight

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8
Q

What is recovery?

A

Return to homeostasis

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9
Q

How do these physiological responses occur?

A
  1. Very rapidly

2. Bypasses cognitive identification in certain circumstances

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10
Q

When does stress occur?

A

Arousal

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11
Q

What will arousal evoke?

A

The stress response of predator

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12
Q

What is not always negative?

A

The psychological stress

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13
Q

What involves the activation of almost all nervous system?

A
  1. The physiological healthy stress response

2. The maladaptive stress response

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14
Q

What happens when the organism is recognising the stressor?

A

It’s engaging the central nervous system

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15
Q

When is the thermoreceptor in the skin sending information to the spinal cord?

A

When an organism is in the presnece of strong level of pollution or elevated heat

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16
Q

What occurs when the brain is engaged in the stress response?

A

It will send signals via the peripheral nervous system e.g. ANS or SNS

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17
Q

What is the consequence of ANS becoming activated by stress?

A
  1. More muscles become activated by stress

2. Voluntary muscles become innervated

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18
Q

What will the sympathetic nervous system be mobilising?

A

The resources of glucose in your cells and start changing the metabolism of fat and protein and turning it into sugar

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19
Q

What systems will shut down as a response to stress response?

A
  1. Immune systems

2. Reproductive systems

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20
Q

What does stress involve?

A

Main centre of sensation gathering

sensation relay of the brain

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21
Q

Where does the stress response start?

A

Hypothalamus

  1. send hormone signals to other parts of the brain to trigger physiological stress response
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22
Q

What is the mechanism of hypothalamus?

A
  1. Hypothalamus releases hormone into pituitary gland
  2. Releases hormone
  3. Reaches the circulation
  4. Reach top of kidney into adrenal gland
  5. Release glucorticoid (cortisol)
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23
Q

What does hypothalamus take on?

A
  1. Visual Information
  2. Auditory Information
  3. Takes information from nerve endingsand receptor son skin
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24
Q

What is released at the level of hypothalamus?

A

Release of CRH

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25
Q

What will CRH stimulate?

A

The release of ACTH fin the pituitary gland

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26
Q

Where will ACTH reach?

A

The bloodstream into adrenal gland and produce the release of glucorticoid

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27
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

complex set of structures that lies on both side of the thalamus, just under the cerebrum

series of cortical structures surrounding the limit between the cerebral hemispheres and the brainstem

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28
Q

What does the limbic system include?

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Hippocampus
  3. Amygdala
  4. Other several other nearby areas
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29
Q

What is the role of limbic system?

A
  1. primarily responsible for our emotional life

2. Formation of memories

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30
Q

What is the integrator of stress response?

A

Amygdala

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31
Q

What is the limbic system seen as ?

A

Primitive evolutionary parts of the brain

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32
Q

How does the limbic system operate by?

A

Influencing the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system

33
Q

What are the adrenal glands?

A

Small glands located on top of each kidney

Endocrine gland that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol

34
Q

What is the adrenal cortex?

A
  1. Outermost layer of the adrenal gland

2. Within the cortex 3 layers called zones

35
Q

What are the adrenal cortex devoted to produce?

A

hormones

  1. Aldosterone
  2. Cortisol
  3. Androgens
36
Q

Where is adrenal medulla located?

A

centre of each adrenal gland

surrounded by adrenal cortex

37
Q

What is the chromaffin cells a main source of?

A

catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline, released by the medulla

Approximately 20% noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and 80% adrenaline (epinephrine) are secreted here

38
Q

What is Locus Ceruleus?

A

nucleus in the pons of the brainstem involved with physiological responses to stress and panic.

39
Q

What is the Locus Ceruleus a principle site for?

A

brain synthesis of norepinephrine

40
Q

What do neurons in the Locus Ceruleus send projections to?

A

axons that are leaving the centre and disputed all over the cortex and directed towards the thalamus

41
Q

What does the brain appraise?

A

Threats

Gives it meaning

42
Q

What brain regions are involved in the stress responses?

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Amygdala (Limbic system)
  3. Locus ceruleus
43
Q

What does the limbic system (amygdala) play a role in?

A

Appraisal/interpretation of the stressfulness of a threat

i.e. gives emotional meaning of perceptions: Fear, anger, anxiety

44
Q

What is stress response?

A

Not just mechanical

It involves our emotions

45
Q

What does the stress response operate via?

A

2 interrelated systems

  1. HPA (Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical)
  2. SAM (sympathetic-adreno-medullary)

Both triggered by the hypothalamus

Balance each other

46
Q

What is SAM?

A

A stress response that bypasses the brain into medulla

47
Q

What is SAM?

A

fast response

responds to short term stress

48
Q

What is HPA ?

A

slow response

49
Q

How does SAM work?

A

starts in the brain - specifically in the SNS
Signal the adrenal Medulla
chromaffin cells are the specific targets
Release epinephrine/norepinephrine in the blood

50
Q

How does HPA axis work?

A 
Start in the brain initially specifically in the hypothalamus 
move into the anterior pituitary 
release hormone called CRH 
release ACTH
create cortisol
51
Q

SAM

A

Adrenal medllula releases hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine

52
Q

What does SAM stimulate?

A

Rapid mobilization of metabolic resources:

  1. Increased heart rate
  2. BP
  3. Blood glucose
53
Q

How does the epinephrine/norepinephrine stimulate the mobilization?

A

alpha and beta adrenergic receptors in the whole body

54
Q

What does adrenal cortex produce?

A
  1. Glucocorticoid
  2. Mineralocorticoid

these form a back up response

55
Q

What is the slower effect of cortisol the most important human glucocorticoid?

A

Involved in regulating metabolism
Immune response
General homeostasis
Alters metabolism from protein and fat into glucose

56
Q

What is HPA involved in?

A
  1. Alters metabolism
  2. Supresses immune response
  3. Targets the brain: Receptors = GRs and MRs
  4. Alters gene expression via GR motifs in the genes
57
Q

What do the glucocorticoid from HPA bind to?

A

Specific mineralocorticoid (MR) or glucocorticoid (GR) receptors on target organs

58
Q

What does GRs mediate?

A

most of the stress response

59
Q

What does MRs mediate?

A

Basal responses such as regulating:

  1. neurotransmitters
  2. BP
  3. Circadian rhythm
60
Q

What is allostasis?

A

process of achieving stability, or homeostasis, through physiological or behavioral change

61
Q

What is normal homeostasis maintained within?

A

Relatively narrow limits

62
Q

What does the stress response maintain homeostasis over?

A

Far wider range of adaptive circumstances which allow organisms to respond to challenges

63
Q

What is there not much in homeostasis?

A

Flexibility

64
Q

What does maintaining stress and adaptive responses over long term imply?

A

High level of activation of the homeostatic processes

65
Q

Define allostatic load

A

Allostatic load is “the wear and tear on the body” that accumulates as an individual is exposed to repeated or chronic stress

66
Q

Why is chronic or severely acute activation of stress reponse maladaptive?

A

because when an individual stays in this space of exhaustion – its where diseases start to occur

67
Q

What is General Adaptation syndrome?

A

==> Three predictable stages the body uses to respond to stressors
==> 1st stage: Alarm stage
- Provides a burst of energy
==> 2nd stage: Resistance stage
- The body attempts to resist or adapt to the stressor
==> 3rd stage: Exhaustion stage
- Energy is depleted

68
Q

How are individuals not identical?

A

ʓ We come with different genetic mixtures, come from different maternal exposure, from different nutritional histories or immunological challenges

69
Q

What can a genotype/ certain life experience contribute to?

A
  1. Vulnerable phenotype for the disease
70
Q

What are susceptible phenotype sensitive to?

A

Environment

71
Q

What causes gene expression changes in the brain?

A
  1. Chronic stress mixed with genetic predisposition
72
Q

What can chronic stress lead to?

A

Cellular and molecular damage

73
Q

Short period of stress

A

Release of neurotransmitters

74
Q

Medium length

A

Corticosteroids
Transcription factors activated
Epigenetic effects

75
Q

Chronic long term stress:

A
  1. Genomic and Epigenomic effects (DNA Methylation changes in neurons)
  2. Neurodegeneration
  3. Reduction in Neurotrophic production
76
Q

What will sustained release of norepinephrine will produce ?

A

Adducts

77
Q

What do different types of stressors have?

A

Different cellular characteristics

78
Q

Define chronic stress

A

Maladaptive responses that can result in psychiatric syndromes such as anxiety and depressive disorders

MTB x (15 decks)

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