Week 3 DONE

Question 1

Anterior cervical triangle borders - boundaries: anterior, posterior, superior, apex, floor, roof

Answer 1

• anterior: median line of the neck. -posterior: anterior border of the SCM. - superior: inferior border of the mandible. -apex: jugular notch in the manubrium. -roof: subcutaneous tissue containing the platysma. -floor: pharynx, larynx, and thyroid gland.

Question 2

submental triangle - borders - contents

Answer 2

• inferior: body of hyoid - lateral: R & L anterior bellies of digastric - floor: mylohyoid - apex: mandibular symphysis - contains several small submental lymph nodes and small veins that unite to form the anterior jugular vein

Question 3

submandibular triangle

Answer 3

• superior: inferior border of mandible - anterior: anterior belly of digastric - posterior: posterior belly of digastric - floor: mylohyoid hypoglossus, middle pharyngeal constrictor - contains the submandibular gland and lymph nodes, hypoglossal nerve, mylohyoid nerve, parts of facial artery and vein

Question 4

carotid triangle - borders - contents

Answer 4

• anterior: superior belly of omohyoid - posterior: anterior border of SCM - superior: posterior belly of digastric - contents: carotid sheath (common carotid, IJV, and vagus), external carotid, hypoglossal nerve, ansa cervicalis, spinal accessory, thyroid gland and deep cervical lymph nodes

Question 5

Located within the carotid triangle

Answer 5

• Carotid sinus: a dilation of the proximal part of the internal carotid artery which may involve the common carotid artery. Innervated principally by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) through the carotid sinus nerve as well as by the vagus nerve (CN X), it is a baroreceptor (pressoreceptor) that reacts to changes in arterial blood pressure. • Carotid body: a small, reddish brown ovoid mass of tissue lies in a septum on the medial (deep) side of the bifurcation of the common carotid artery in close relation to the carotid sinus. Supplied mainly by the carotid sinus nerve (CN IX) and by CN X, it is a chemoreceptor that monitors the level of oxygen in the blood. It is stimulated by low levels of oxygen and initiates a reflex that increases the rate and depth of respiration, cardiac rate, and blood pressure.

Question 6

muscular triangle

Answer 6

• posterior: omohyoid - anterior: midline of neck - inferior: anterior border of SCM - contents: sternothyroid and sternohyoid, thyroid, parathyroid

Question 7

hyoid muscles - where are they found -primary function -two subdivisions

Answer 7

• steady or move the hyoid and larynx -divided into suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles - found superior and inferior to the hyoid

Question 8

internal carotid arteries

Answer 8

• direct continuations of the common carotids superior to the origin of the external carotid artery -enter the cranium through the carotid canals in the petrous parts of the temporal bones and become the main arteries of the brain and structures in the orbits

Question 9

external carotid arteries

Answer 9

-supply most structures external to the cranium -embedded in the parotid gland, and terminates by dividing into two branches, the maxillary artery and the superficial temporal artery

Question 10

IJV

Answer 10

• IJV drains blood from the brain, anterior face, cervical viscera, and deep muscles of the neck - vein lies laterally within the carotid sheath, with the vagus nerve located posteriorly.

Question 11

superior bulb of the IJV

Answer 11

dilation at its origin

Question 12

inferior bulb of the IJV.

Answer 12

-nferior end of the IJV dilates -has a bicuspid valve that permits blood to flow toward the heart while preventing backflow into the vein, as might occur if inverted

Question 13

inferior petrosal sinus

Answer 13

leaves the cranium through the jugular foramen and enters the superior bulb of the IJV

Question 14

Lymph drainage of the neck

Answer 14

-parotid nodes/posterior auricular nodes/ occipital noedes to superficial cervical lymph nodes to deep cervical lymph nodes to right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct -submental and submandibular nodes go directly to deep cervical lymph nodes and then to right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct

Question 15

posterior triangle borders

Answer 15

Anterior: posterior border of SCM Posterior: anterior border of trap Inferior: middle 1/3 of clavicle Apex: sup, nuchal line Roof: investing layer of deep fascia flood: prevertebral fascia

Question 16

Torticollis

Answer 16

-observed in children -lateral flexion and rotation of the head and neck -fibrosis of SCM

Question 17

Nerves found in the posterior triangle

Answer 17

-XI - cervical plexus: cutaneous -brachial plexus: roots and trunks

Question 18

Arteries found in the posterior triangle

Answer 18

-lateral branch of thyrocervical trunk (suprascapular, transverse cervical artery) -3rd part of subclavian artery -part of occipital artery

Question 19

Veins found in the posterior triangle

Answer 19

-external jugular: drains the posterior auricular and retromandibular into the subclavian

Question 20

lymph flow in posterior triangle

Answer 20

-into superficial cervical nodes in the EJV and SCM and then deep cervical nodes

Question 21

what is this? - presentation? - causes?

Answer 21

• hyperplastic lymphnode - swollen lymph node - bacterial infection

Question 22

what is this?

Answer 22

acute lymphadenitis

Question 23

What is this?

Answer 23

• green in secondary lymph follicles
• pink is primary lymph follicles

Question 24

Identify

Answer 24

• black arrow: centroblast (an actively proliferating B cell)
• green arrow: tingible body (macrophage, clean up b cells that apoptoses)
• blue circle: mitoses ( b cells undergoing proliferation)

Question 25

What is this?

• what does it indicate?
• causes?
• viral vs bacterial

Answer 25

• diffused secondary follicles with large marginal zones
• autoimmune disorder or chronic infection
• lymphocytosis
• viral will be increase in T cells and bacterial will be in B cells