International Health 2

Question 1

Main viral Neglected Tropical Diseases?

Answer 1

dengue

rabies

Question 2

Main Helminth NTDs?

Answer 2

lymphatic filariasis
schistosomiasis
echinococcus

Question 3

Main Bacterial Infections?

Answer 3

buruli ulcer
trachoma
leprosy

Question 4

Main protozoan infections?

Answer 4

human african trypanosomiasus
leishmaniasis
chagas disease

Question 5

DALYs

Answer 5

disability adjusted life years

Question 6

Where is the highest prevalence of NTDs?

Answer 6

sub saharan africa

Question 7

Schistosomiasis?

Answer 7

AKA Bilharzia
- bloodborn, 2 species in Africa, especially near fresh water
Worms lay eggs in blood vessels, eggs travel around to intestines and bladder and hatch to produce larvae that reproduce
- chronic and debilitating, affects poor
- inflammation and fibrosis of bladder wall, colon, liver, spleen, lungs

May cause bladder cancer, portal hypertension, haematemesis

Treat using Praziquantel to kill adult schistosomes

Question 8

Female genital schistosomiasis

Answer 8

cause genital lesions as eggs trapped in cervix

lesions increase HIV risk

Question 9

Soil-transmitted helminth infections ‘worms’

Answer 9

STHs lead to stunting and decreased school performance

Albendazole
Mebendazole

Question 10

Onchocerciasis?

Answer 10

AKA river blindness

• vector is blackfly
• blindness and sever skin disease

Mactizan

Question 11

Lymphatic filariasis?

Answer 11

• transmitted by mosquitoes
• eliminated after 6 yrs

Albenzadole and Mectizan in Africa
Albendazole and DEC in Asia to prevent new infection

Question 12

Blinding trachoma?

Answer 12

leading cause of preventable blindness

Zithromax

Question 13

What is the strategy of Mass Drug Administration?

Answer 13

MDA given for LF, schistosomiasis, trachoma, onchocerciasis, intestinal helminths where prevalence above thresholds
Diagnosis and treatment impossible because of costs
Drugs safe and effective

for schisto 10% target school aged, >50% for everyone, STH >50% MDA, trachoma >10% MDA, LF >1% MDA

Question 14

How are NTDs controlled?

Answer 14

mapping
clear drugs and distribute
training
treatment

Question 15

Control of Dengue?

Answer 15

mosquito born (Aedes aegypti) viral disease
spreading

controlled by diagnosis, surveillance and outbreak response, vector control, vaccine

Question 16

Control of rabies?

Answer 16

with symptoms death rate 100%
typically from dog bites

controlled by canine vaccine, humane dog management, vaccine people after exposure

Question 17

Control of Buruli ulcer?

Answer 17

chronic skin disease by mycobacterium ulcerans endemic in 33 countries, highest in ghana, gabon, australia
poor knowledge and reporting may hide true prevalence

control by training health workers, early case detection, treat with antibiotics, case management (surgery)

Question 18

Control of leprosy?

Answer 18

AKA Hansen disease

• chronic disease by mycobacterium leprae
• 5 year incubation period
• 95% population naturally immune

control by early detection, reduce new cases, reduce stigma and discrimination, intensify research

Question 19

Control of podocniosis?

Answer 19

non-LF elephantiasis

no treatment
swealling of feet and legs

Question 20

Control of trypanosomiasis?

Answer 20

AKA sleeping sickness
transmitted by Tsetse fly with sharp bite

control by early diagnosis, therapy for infected persons, control flies with baited traps or systemic insecticides in cattle to prevent forms mixing