Chapter 9 Flashcards
Discrimination:
Behaving d__ toward people based solely (or primarily) on their m__ in a social group.
Resume Discrimination Study:
- mailed out 5,000 resumes for 1,300 job postings.
- manipulated the “candidate’s” name
- IV1: Race, IV2 Gender
- DV: Who gets called for an interview?
White names: __.__%
Black names: __.__%
-No difference for g__.
differently, membership
- 1%
- 7%
Gender
Forms of Discrimination:
1) Blatant Discrimination
- O__, i__, v__, and easily d__.
obvious, intentional, visible, and easily documented
Forms of Discrimination:
2) Subtle Discrimination
- Less o__ and v__.
- Some discriminatory behaviors have become “n__.”
ex: racist jokes, mansplaining
normal
Forms of Discrimination:
3) Covert Discrimination
- h__, p__, and m__ motivated.
- c__ attempt to ensure f__.
ex: Housing Discrimination: if a landlord purposely tells a black person a house is already rented when it’s not and then rents the house to a white person.
hidden, purposeful, maliciously
conscious, failure
Interpersonal Discrimination:
-One person treating another u__ because of g__.
Chinese Discrimination Study:
- 1930’s: strong prejudice against Chinese community.
- Measuring Prejudice: sent survey to hundreds of hotels and restaurants asking “Will you accept members of the Chinese as guests?”
- 92% said no.
- Measuring Discrimination: went to those places 6 months earlier with Chinese student
- accepted at all but one hotel
Prejudice & Discrimination:
-across 60 studies, prejudice and discrimination have a correlation of r=__. (fairly small).
unfairly, group
.36
What Increases Discrimination:
1) Low m__ and a__ to control responses.
Disinhibitors: something that lowers d__ or n__ to appear unprejudiced.
Types of disinhibitors:
a) Anonymity: i__ discrimination.
- e.g. people administered stronger shocks to black vs. white partners when anonymous.
b) Intoxication: i__ discrimination.
- e.g: correlation of .__ between intoxication and willingness to express prejudice.
motivation, ability
desire, need
increases
increases
.31
What Increases Discrimination:
2) Perceived Social Support:
- in general, perceived c__ strengthens the attitude.
-High prejudice+Thinking many others s__ prejudice= More likely to d__.
consensus
share, discriminate
What Increases Discrimination:
3) Clarity of Decision:
- discrimination tends to occur when guidelines for appropriate behavior are u__.
Tipping Study:
-__ servers get higher tips than __ servers (even when controlling for quality of service).
-When it’s easier to j__ not helping someone, black people receive less help than white people.
Job Candidate Discrimination:
- participants evaluate a black or white job candidate
- IV: qualifications are strong, weak, or unclear.
- DV: “How strongly would you recommend this person?”
- Main Point: Biased decisions only when qualifications were ___.
More Clarity of Decision Examples:
-“despite the fact that whites engage in drug offenses at a higher rate than African-Americans, African-Americans are incarcerated at a rate 10 times greater for drug offenses.”
-In Ferguson, Mo blacks accounted for 95% of jaywalking charges despite being a fairly small percent of the population.
unclear
white, black
justify
unclear
What Increases Discrimination:
4) Reverse Discrimination: people don’t like to know they have p__.
- g__ from acting in ways inconsistent with s__-i__. –> action to r__ image.
Reverse Discrimination Study:
- Nonprejudiced people view pictures of people.
- Their physiological responses are “recorded.”
- IV: “You had unusually high responsiveness to pictures of black people” vs. “Equal responses across categories.”
- IV2: After the study, approached by a black or white panhandler.
- DV: Giving money to panhandler.
Main Point: Seeing oneself as p__ led to c__ “reverse discrimination.”
prejudice
guilt, self-image
reaffirm
prejudiced, compensatory
Organizational Discrimination:
-p__, r__, and p__ that result in different o__ for members of different g__.
Examples:
- H__ P__ (e.g. the resume study)
- P__ E__
- P__ (even with the same performance evaluations, women and minorities wait longer and receive fewer).
“Sticky Floor Effect.”
-Certain people stuck to the floor instead of being p__ to management position.
practices, rules, and policies
outcomes, groups
hiring patterns
performance evaluations
promotions
promoted
Organizational Discrimination-Why?
1) Stereotype Fit:
- when the j__ matches a s__.
- more likely to h__, p__, and give better e__.
- what makes a good manager? -> traits stereotypical to w__ m__.
Hollywood Example: Women directed 4% of the top 100 movies in 2018 (but made up 50% of film students).
-only 5 women ever nominated for best director-only 1 has ever won.
job, stereotype
hire, promote, evaluations
white men
Organizational Discrimination-Why?
2) Shifting Standards:
- People are rated r__ to e__.
- n__ stereotypes–> l__ expectations
Subjective Rewards (such as p__ e__) are based on r__ ratings.
Objective Rewards (e.g p__, p__) are based on o__ ratings.
For example: A woman given a subjective rating of 5 is actually lower than a man given a subjective rating of 5 because the woman is rated relative to the expectation that women won’t perform as well.
Aka: “You did great, for a woman.”
relative, expectations
negative, lower
performance evaluations, relative
promotions, pay, objective
Organizational Discrimination-Why?
3) Self-Fulfilling Prophecy:
- prejudice from h__-u__. “L__ o__ effect.”
Cycle:
Step 1) Viewing minority groups as less competent
leads to
Step 2) Different on the job opportunities
leads to
Step 3) Lower overall job performance.
leads to
Step 4) Receiving worse evaluations, pay, and promotions.
Cycle continues (reaffirms that minority groups are less competent).
higher-ups, lost opportunities
Hate Crimes Definition:
C__ o__ in which victims were c__ because of race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, etc.
Usually no m____ other than attacking a member of a particular g__.
FBI: “the offender’s actions were motivated, in whole or in part, by his or her b__.”
criminal offenses, chosen
Motivation, group
Bias
FBI 2016 Crimes Report:
-Ohio is _rd in the nation (behind __ and __)
-___ reports (up from ___ in 2012)
-Nationally, hate crimes increased by __% in 2017.
•anti Jewish crimes rose by __%
3, California, New York
442, 257
17%
37%
