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Diagostics > Radiology > Flashcards

Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

Dose of radiation to the extremity comparied to background radiation?

A

1.5 days

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2
Q

Dose of radiation to the PA chest comparied to background radiation?

A

3 days

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3
Q

Dose of radiation to the lumbar spine comparied to background radiation?

A

14 months

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4
Q

Dose of radiation to the hip comparied to background radiation?

A

2 months

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5
Q

Dose of radiation to the abdomen comparied to background radiation?

A

9 months

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6
Q

Dose of radiation to the barium swallow comparied to background radiation?

A

1 year

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7
Q

Dose of radiation to the abdomal CT comparied to background radiation?

A

4 years

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8
Q

Effects od radiation

A

low dose but cumulative over time

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9
Q

What are the 5 basic densities?

A
  1. AIr
  2. Fat
  3. Soft tissue
  4. Soft tissue/ fluid
  5. calcium
  6. metal
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10
Q

pros and cons of using conventional radiology?

A

Advantages

  • inexpensive
  • most commonly used immaging
  • can be obtained almost everywher

Disadvantages

  • Using ionizing radiation
  • Limited to 5 basic densities
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11
Q

What is the PACS system? what can it store?

A

Picture archiving comunication storage

  1. conventional radiology
  2. CT scan
  3. MRI
  4. Ultrasound
  5. Fluroscopy
  6. Nuclear Medicine
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12
Q

what is the safest distance to be when taking an X-Ray?

A

Safest distance 90 degree angle to the incident beam

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13
Q

X-Rays are the study of choice for what?

A

Skeletal trauma

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14
Q

X-ray lateral is______

Decubitis is _______

A

lateral is 90 degrees to the AP or PA

Decubitus is recumbent to a horizontal beam

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15
Q

X-Ray Lateral Decubitis is to see

A

air fluid levels

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16
Q

What is an oblique view?

A

Halfway between AP/PA and lateral view

Extermities projection involoves 3 views

Used for hip fracture

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17
Q

WHat are some factors to consider when ordering an X-Ray?

A
  1. Possible pregnancy
  2. Can the patient stand on their own
  3. How dificult is the exam being ordered
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18
Q

Difference between PA and AP view?

A

heart looks bigger on AP view

Portable chest X-Rays are AP view heart will look bigger

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19
Q

How many views should you get for X-Ray?

A

Get two views and oblique if you are able

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20
Q

For an ankle fracture what test should you order?

A

Order ankle series not tib/fib

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21
Q

Can you tell the diffference between msucle and blood on an X-Ray?

A

no you cant blood and muscle will look the same

soft tissue and fluid are the same density

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22
Q

Well penetrated vs underpenetrated vs over penetrated?

A

well penetrated- film with varying degrees of radiatical densities and clear radiologic interfaces

Under-penetrated- without good range of radiological densities and blurring of interfaces

Over-penetrated- without a good range of radioloical densities and ansence of inerfacea

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23
Q

When reading an X-Ray what is the most important thing to look for?

A

History and Physical exam

most important in musculoskeletal evaluation

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24
Q

ABCs of Xrays?

A

A- adequacy and alignment

B-bones

C catilage- joint spaces and defects

S- soft tissues- swelling? effusion?

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25
Q

Magnification

A
  • all images on the radiograph are larger than the object they represent
  • for most radigraphs taken at SID of 100cm or 40” the magnifcantion is 1:1
  • for most radiographs taken at 180 cm or 72” the magnification is 1.05
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26
Q

Body Habitus

A

Objects at differnet levels are projected onto the images as sizes

WHY HEART LOOKS BIGGER ON AP NOT PA

27
Q

what are CT?

A

Uses rapidly spinnng arrays of X-Ray sources and detectors. Increases sensitivity of findings visible

Can Identify cross-sectional imaging

28
Q

When is it better to use a CT then X-Ray?

A

Use CT

  • visualizing articular fracture extention
  • asses for presence of articular step off/gap
  • evualting aortic injuries in the chest trama

IMAGE STUDY OF CHOICE FOR ABDOMINAL TRAUMA

29
Q

MRI

A

produces images based on energy derived from hydrogen atoms

Atoms palces in very strong magnetic field and subjected to RF pulsing

MRI UNITS

  • expensive
  • requires site construction
  • have high operating costs
  • but NO ionizing radiation
30
Q

when is it best to use MRIs?

A

Soft tissue evaluation (tendons, muscles, ligaments)

Identifying occult fractures

Best for disc herniations, imternal derangement of joints ACL tear

31
Q

Ultrasound

A

Porduces images using the acoustic properties of tissue

NO ionzing radation

Safe in children and pregnant women

32
Q

When is it best to use ultrasounds?

A

Soft tissue and blow flow evaluation

less epensive then MRI or CT and can be portable

Study of choice for bedside procedures

achilles tendon rupture

quad tenson rupture

foreign bodies in soft tissue

33
Q

FAST exam

A

Focused Abdominal Sonogram for Trauma (FAST)

POC ultrasound exam for trauma patients

used to identify free pertoneal fluid

34
Q

Fluoroscopy

A

utilizes ioizing HIGH radiation to priduce real time visualization of the body

  • evualuation of motion of joints
  • visualization of contrast agents for GI or GU studies
  • Eval of racturs for reduction and placement of percutaneous pins or other hardware

Patient should be shielded for the parts that are not involved iin the surgery

35
Q

Nuclear Medication

A

Utilizing radioisotopes that have been given a property to target the organ under study

unlike ionizing radiation, patient is source of the radiation

Commonly used

Metastases

Occult/ stress fractures

Insufficiency fractures

80% of scans are positive within 24 hours of injury and 95% of scans are positive within 72 hours

36
Q

Why order imageing studies?

A

Traumatic to skeletalmuscular system

Overuse/ sports injuries- older people staying active longer (more arthritis) and youth sports more specialized (chronic injuries)

Arthritis affects 10% of men and 18% of women over 60 years old examine knees

37
Q

which studies to order?

A

Generally start with simplest and least expensive

38
Q

suggested X-Rays of AC joint

A

AP with and without weight

39
Q

suggested X-Rays of chest

A

PA, lateral (full inspiration)

40
Q

suggested X-Rays of clavicle?

A

AP, Axial (20 degree cephalad)

41
Q

suggested X-Rays of humerus?

A

AP, Lateral

42
Q

suggested X-Rays of ribs?

A

AP, obliques (bilateral)

Upper- inspiration

Lower- Expiration

43
Q

suggested X-Rays of SC joint?

A

AP, Oblique (bilateral)

44
Q

suggested X-Rays of shoulder?

A

AP, Grashey, Y-scapular view

45
Q

which kind of X-ray views do you use in shoulder dislocation?

A

AP, Y- Scapular, Axillary

46
Q

suggested X-Rays of elbow?

A

AP, lateral, external oblique

47
Q

suggested X-Rays of the fingers?

A

AP, Lateral of affected finger, Oblique of the hand

48
Q

suggested X-Rays of the hand?

A

AP, Lateral, Oblique

49
Q

suggested X-Rays of thumb?

A

AP, lateral, Oblique

50
Q

suggested X-Rays of the wrist?

A

AP, Lateral, Oblique

51
Q

When taking a elbow lateral view what common problem can you see?

A

Anterior fat pad- occult fracture of the radius

52
Q

suggested X-Rays of hip?

A

AP Pelvis, Frog Leg lateral, lateral affected hip

53
Q

suggested X-Rays of femur?

A

AP, Lateral

54
Q

suggested X-Rays of foot?

A

AP, Oblique, Lateral

55
Q

suggested X-Rays of knee?

Under 40

Over 40

A

Under 40- AP, Lateral, Tunnel, Sunrise

Over- Bilat PA weight bearing (30 degree PA flexed view), bilat tunnel (from trauma ACL best view), lateral of affected knee

56
Q

suggested X-Rays of tib/fib?

A

AP, Lateral

57
Q

suggested X-Rays of ankle?

A

AP, Mortise, Lateral

58
Q

suggested X-Rays of heal?

A

axial, lateral calcaneus

59
Q

When to use a frog leg lateral X-Ray?

A

Kid with knee pain

knee pain without trauma

60
Q

Positioning for pelvic inlet?

A

the central ray is directed 40-60 degree caudal at the level of the anterior superior iliac spine

61
Q

What is a tunnel knee used for?

A

tramatic knee pain

62
Q

Knee Merchant View

A

also called sunrise view see between patella and femor (knee pain when exercising)

runners knee

Lines should be parallel between the platella and femur

63
Q

When do youorder a knee PA flexed view?

A

Arthritis- max stress in knee joint occurs between 30-60 degree flexion weight bearing view

useful in assessment of knees with early degenerative change

Diagostics (6 decks)

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