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Diagnostic M.'s Sara Peer mentor > Chapter 24: Recognizing Fractures And Disolcations > Flashcards

Chapter 24: Recognizing Fractures And Disolcations Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of an acute fracture?

A

Abrupt disruption of all or part of the cortex

Acute changes in the smooth contour of a normal bone

Fracture lines are black and linear

Where fracture lines change their course, they tend to be sharply angulated

Fracture fragments are jagged and not corticated

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2
Q

Appearance of Acute Fractures?

A

Abrupt disruption of cortex
Never bilaterally symmetrical
Not sharp, jagged fracture lines
Bony fragment does NOT have cortex completely around it

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3
Q

Appearance of Sesamoids and accessory ossicles?

A

NO abrupt disruption of cortex
Almost always bilaterally symmetrical
Smooth fracture line
HAS cortex completely around the bony fragment

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4
Q

What types of shoulder dislocations are common?

A

Anterior, subcoracoid

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5
Q

What causes shoulder dislocations?

A

Combination of abduction, external rotation, and extension

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6
Q

What fractures are most associated with shoulder dislocations?

A

Hill-Sachs deformity of numeral head

Bankart fractures of glenoid

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7
Q

Where are hip dislocations most common?

A

Posterior and superior

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8
Q

What causes hip dislocations?

A

Knee striking dashboard, transmitting force to hip

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9
Q

What fractures are associated with hip dislocation?

A

Fractures of posterior rim of the acetabulum

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10
Q

How are Fractures Described?

A

Number of fracture fragments

Direction of fracture line

Relationship of one fragment to another

Open to the atmosphere

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11
Q

What are the terms used for number of fracture fragments?

A

Simple or comminuted

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12
Q

What are the terms used for direction of fracture line?

A

Transverse
Oblique
Spiral

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13
Q

What are the terms used for Relationship of one fragment to another?

A

Displacement
Angulation
Shortening
Rotation

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14
Q

What are the terms used for open to the atmosphere?

A

Closed or Open/compound

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15
Q

What causes a transverse fracture line?

A

Force is applied perpendicular to long axis of bone

Fracture occurs at site of force

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16
Q

What causes an oblique fracture line?

A

Force applied along the long axis of bone

Fracture occurs somewhere along shaft

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17
Q

What causes spiral fracture line?

A

Twisting or torque injury

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18
Q

Common Avulsion Fractures around the pelvis?

A

Anterior, superior iliac spine = sartorius m.
Anterior, inferior iliac spine = Rectus femoris m.
Ischial Tuberosity = hamstring
Lesser trochanter of femur = iliopsoas m.

19
Q

What are indirect signs of possible fracture?

A

Soft tissue swelling
Disappearance of normal fat stripes
Joint effusion
Periosteal reaction

20
Q

Factors that accelerate fracture healing?

A 
Youth
Early immobilization
adequate duration of immobilization
Good blood supply
Physical activity after adequate immobilization
Adequate mineralization
21
Q

Factors that delay fracture healing?

A 
Old age
Delayed immobilization
Too short a duration of immobilization
Poor blood supply
Steroids
Osteoporosis, osteomalaciah
22
Q

What is a fracture?

A

A disruption in the continuity of all or part of the cortex of a bone

23
Q

What are complete fractures?

A

Involve the entire cortex
Most common
Typically occur in adults

24
Q

What are incomplete fractures?

A

Involve only a portion of the cortex
Typically occur in bones that are softer, like child’s bones
Torus and Greenstick

25
Q

How to fracture lines typically appear?

A

Blacker, more sharply angled, and more jagged

26
Q

What mimics acute fractures?

A

Sesamoids
Accessory ossicles
Unhealed fractures

27
Q

What is dislocation?

A

Two bones that originally formed a joint are no longer in contact with each other

28
Q

What is sublaxation?

A

When two bones that originally formed a joint are in partial contact with each other

29
Q

How many fragments do simple fractures have?

A

2

30
Q

How many fragments do comminuted fractures have?

A

More than 2

Segmented and butterfly fractures

31
Q

Which fractures are more common: open or closed?

A

Closed fractures

32
Q

What are avulsion fractures?

A

Produced by the forceful contraction of a tendon or ligament

They can occur at any age but are particularly common in younger, athletic individuals

33
Q

What are stress fractures?

A

Occur as a results of numerous micro fractures and frequently are not visible on Xray when the pain first begins

Only seen when a sclerosis becomes visible

34
Q

What is a Colles fracture?

A

Fracture of the distal radius with dorsal angulation; often caused by FOOSH

35
Q

What is a Smith fracture?

A

Fracture of the distal radius with palmar angulation of distal radial fracture fragment; caused by fall on the back of flexed hand

36
Q

What is a Jones Fracture?

A

Transverse fracture of the 5th metatarsal about 1 to 2 cm. From its base caused by plantar flexion of the foot and inversion of the ankle

37
Q

What is a Boxer’s fracture?

A

Fracture of the neck of the 5th metacarpal with palmar angulation of the distal fracture fragment; often the result of punching someone or a wall

38
Q

What is a march fracture?

A

Type of stress fracture often seen in the shafts of the 2nd and 3rd metatarsals

39
Q

What are commonly missed fractures?

A 
Scaphoid fracture
Buckle fracture of the radius and ulna
Radial head fractures
Supracondylar fractures
Posterior dislocations of the shoulder
Hip fractures
40
Q

How do fractures heal?

A

With a combo of endosteal callus and external callus’s

41
Q

What does delayed union mean?

A

Refers to a fracture that is taking longer to heal than is usually required for that site

42
Q

What does malunion mean?

A

The fracture is healing but in a mechanically or cosmetically unacceptable way

43
Q

What does nonunion mean?

A

A radiologic diagnosis that implies there is little, if any, likelihood the fracture will heal

Diagnostic M.'s Sara Peer mentor (27 decks)

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