Katia Que Cards Flashcards
Define psychology
The study of the mind, behaviour and the understanding of how we think, learn, perceive feel and interact
What does psychology aim to do?
Describe, explain, predict and shape behaviour and mental processes
Describe the cognitive domain
This is how people think and what they think about. This could be thoughts about themselves, about others or even about topics
Describe the affective domain
This is how people feel inside. this is usually a reaction or emotion to a situation/stimulus. for example, people feeling anxious or confident in a situation
Describe the behavioural domain
This is how people act and their actions. this could be whether or not the join in with an activity
Give the four steps to the deductive approach (with examples)
- Having a theory or principle-home field advantage
- Coming up with a hypothesis for the theory (what you believe the theory will show)- that players do better at their home ground
- Collect data- watch teams playing at home and away and compare scores
- Analysing data and findings then reject or confirm your theory and hypothesis
Describe the inductive approach
It works the opposite way to the deductive approach. it works backwards with data and findings to create a theory
Name the five approaches to psychology
- Psychodynamic
- Behaviourist
- Biological
- Cognitive
- Humanistic
What is the psychodynamic approach?
This looks at the importance of early like experiences. it says that childhood experiences will affect your thoughts, feelings, behaviour and personality
Which approach says childhood experiences are important?
Psychodynamic
Describe the behaviourist approach
This says that you are born as a blank slate and learn and change because of interactions with the environment
Which approach says you learn through experience and interactions with the environment?
Behaviourist
Describe the biological approach?
This says we reason, act and think in a certain way because of our genetics, evolution and biological structure
Which approach says your reasoning and thinking is to do with your genetics and evolution?
Biological
Describe the cognitive approach
This approach looks at thoughts and brain activity. it says behaviour comes as a result and after thinking
What approach says that thinking comes before actions ad behaviour?
Cognitive
Describe the humanistic approach
This approach nurtures and progresses personal growth
Which approach is to do with nurturing and progressing personal growth?
Humanistic
Which is the most positive approach?
Humanistic
Give 2 aims of sport psychology
- To understand how psychological factors affect someone’s physical performance
- To understand how participation in sport and exercise effects someone’s psychological health/wellbeing and development
What clients do clinical sports psychologists look at?
Abnormal to normal
What clients do educational sports psychologists look at?
Normal to supernormal athletes
What does the behaviourist perspective look at?
The link between a stimulus and a response. it also looks at the ways learners reproduce a desired behaviour, which is then reinforced
What is the behaviour determined by?
The environment and stimulus cues around us
What does our behaviour/response to a stimulus depend on?
Past experiences
What is associative learning?
When new behaviours and responses become associated with certain events and stimuli
What kind of learning is it when new behaviours and responses become associated with certain events and stimuli?
Associative learning
What two factors affect whether responses will be linked to stimuli?
- Temporal proximity- time between stimuli and response you want to be associated/linked
- Predictive ability- the reliability that events will always be associated
What is temporal proximity?
The time between the stimuli and the response you want it to be associated/linked with
What is predictive ability?
The reliability that events will always be associated
Describe classical conditioning
The learning process where someone learns to link two or more stimuli in their minds. this means they can react to one as those it was the other
What is the benefit of classical conditioning?
It allows athletes to anticipate events and their response because they can respond to either stimuli with the same response- so doesn’t really matter what the stimuli is but their response will be the same
The time between the stimuli and the response you want it to be associated/linked with is known as….
Temporal proximity
The reliability that events will always be associated is known as….
Predictive ability
Describe operant conditioning
This is when a voluntary response to a stimulus is either strengthened reduced because of reinforcement
How can you strengthen a correct response to a stimuli? Give an example
By rewarding and giving positive reinforcement- like giving praise for a good tackle
What could you do when you want a response to be weakened?
You could punish the athlete or give negative reinforcement. For example making a student do 5 press ups when their shot is not at goal
Where can you see the principle of generalisation?
Classical conditioning
Describe generalisation
When a conditioned stimulus evokes a similar responses after the response has been conditioned
What are the two categories of generalisation?
- Pleasant
2. Unpleasant
Give an example of an unpleasant response for generalisation
If you have had the experience of drowning then any time your around water your likely to get anxious
What experiment shows behaviourism?
Pavlov’s dogs
Describe the Pavlov’s dogs experiments
- When the dogs smelt and seen food they began salivating.
- when they heard a bell they did not salivate
- He then rang the bell when he gave them food as they were salivating
- The dogs ended up salivating whenever they heard the bell no matter if there was food or not
In the Pavlov’s dogs experiment, the food was an example of…
Unconditioned stimulus
In the Pavlov’s dogs experiment, the saliva for food was an example of…
Unconditioned response
In the Pavlov’s dogs experiment, the dogs not salivating when the bell rang was an example of…
A neutral stimulus
In the Pavlov’s dogs experiment, the dogs salivating when they rang the bell and gave food was an example of…
Conditioned stimulus
When the dogs salivated when the bells rang no matter if there was food or not was an example of…
Conditioned response
Give an experiment example of operant conditioning
Skinner’s box
Describe the skinner’s box experiment
- The rats were put in a box with a light, a lever, water/food dispenser and electric grid
- the rats could press the lever to get food or water (reward for the rat)
- when they pressed the lever a light would show as well as the food and water
- however, when they didn’t press the lever they were punished by being given an electric shock
Describe positive reinforcement and give an example
A satisfier or pleasant event that follows a correct behaviour and encourages this behaviour to occur again- a coach giving positive feedback when a player makes a good tackle
Describe negative reinforcement and give an example
This is the removal of an unpleasant event following a correct response- no longer shouting at a player for making bad tackle when they make a good tackle
Describe extinction
This is the gradual removal/elimination of a tendency to perform a response. For example, gradually stopping carrying out a negative response
What two factors should be taken into account for giving reinforcement
- Timing
2. Frequency
What is continuous reinforcement? Give positives and negatives
When reinforcement comes after each response. this allows for fast short-term results, but there is a quicker extinction/loss of target behaviour
What is intermittent reinforcement? Give positives and negatives
This is when reinforcement only comes after some responses. This allows for a better retention of behaviour over a longer period, but it does take longer to condition.
What is fixed ratio reinforcement? Give positives and negatives
This is when reinforcement comes after every ‘X’ number of responses. The coach/athletes will decide what this ‘X’ number is. this allows for positive and strong results quickly, but retention is unlikely over long period.
What is variable ratio reinforcement? Give positives and negatives
This is when reinforcement comes after every ‘X’ number of responses, but this ‘X’ will change every time- every 3 games, every 7 games, every game. This allows for retention over a long period, but takes longer to condition.
What is fixed interval reinforcement? Give positives and negatives
This is when reinforcement occurs after a fixed amount of time has passed- every week after a Wednesday training session. Unfortunately the desired responses are quickly extinct.
What is variable interval reinforcement? Give positives and negatives
This is when reinforcement occurs after an ‘x’ average of time has passed. for example, giving reinforcement every 30 seconds, 10 seconds then 20 seconds. This results aren’t as strong or evident but are steady over a long time period
Which kind of reinforcement is it when you give feedback after every performance
Continuous
Which kind of reinforcement is it when reinforcement only comes after some responses?
Intermittent
Which kind of reinforcement is it when reinforcement comes after every ‘x’ number of performances?
Fixed ratio
Which kind of reinforcement is it when reinforcement comes after every ‘X’ number, but this ‘X’ number changes?
Variable ratio
Which kind of reinforcement is it when reinforcement comes after a fixed amount of time?
Interval
Which kind of reinforcement is it when reinforcement comes after a variance in the amount of time between performances?
Variable interval
What is shaping?
When you guide and manipulate behaviour towards a target behaviour through rewards
What should you do with behaviour that is far away from the target behaviour?
Ignore this behaviour and reward the athlete as soon as behaviour is more like the target
Give an example of shaping
if the target behaviour was an unsupported headstand away from the wall then you might begin with a supported handstand against a wall. this is the furthest step away from the target behaviour. you could then do a handstand against the wall unsupported, which would then be reinforced. if the athlete was to go back in development and need support then they would not be reinforced. the final step would be unsupported handstand away from the wall
What kind of behaviour should you reward?
- Commitment
- Effort
- Successful attempt towards target behaviour
- Process and outcome of performance
- Positive emotional and social skills- like teamwork and communication
What is positive punishment?
An additional event given that is negative or unpleasant after unwanted behaviour- making students do an extra lap if they miss the goal
What is negative punishment?
The removal of pleasant events/rewards because of unwanted behaviour- not allowing students to be selected for a team
What is the benefit of rewarding desired/target behaviour?
This increases a student or athlete’s motivation to perform these behaviours in the future
Describe intrinsic motivation
When motivation comes from within the pupil or athlete- inner sense of achievement, pride, enjoyment and satisfaction
Describe extrinsic motivation
When motivation comes from external sources like the environment or a coach- rewards like prizes, selection, money and trophies
Give 5 implications of reinforcement on practice
- Different people need different reinforcement- one doesn’t work for everyone
- people need reinforcement in different situations
- sometimes the whole team should be reinforced not just individuals
- Has to be a clear link between reinforcement/reward and targeted behaviour
- Ensure only punishing when it is essential- 80-90% of reinforcement should be positive
What is the process of cognitive approach (information processing system)
- Stimulus
- Input processing
- Mental processing- coding, storing, retrieving and decision making
- Output processing
5, Response
What does the interactional view mean?
A combination of state and train approaches- people have innate characteristics but they are also affected by the situation
Name the 6 steps of the attribution process
- First there is an event- a football match
- the event will have an outcome- win, lose or draw
- post event analysis- looks at what’s happened and why its happened- why they won or lots
- This will give an attribution and example for what’s happened
- future expectation for future events
- Motivation for future participation- if they won more likely to be positive if they’ve won in the past
What does the attribution process look at?
Explanation for the causes of events and behaviour
Define stability
Whether something changes regularly or unregularly- will be stable or unstable
Define locus of causality
whether the reasoning is within or out with someone- be internal or external
Define locus of control
Whether someone could or could not control a situation- be in one’s or out of one’s control
Define self-esteem
An individuals overall subjective, emotional evaluation of their own self worth. this decision is made by the individual as an attitude towards themselves
How does the self-esteem theory link to attribution theory
If someone won, and they attribute this to internal and stable factors then they are likely to have higher self-esteem and win in the future because their evaluation is that they are good players
What is attribution retraining
Instructing performers as to how they should explain and reason events- if they are winning then you should get them to attribute the success internally and stably
What is self-serving bias?
When athletes give reasons and attributes to protect their self-esteem
What does it mean when athletes attribute their success to internal factors?
they are taking responsibility for the win, so they feel proud or accomplished.