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notes to flashcards year 2 - LCRS1 > adolescence and puberty > Flashcards

adolescence and puberty Flashcards

1
Q

what are the developmental stages of adolescence?

A

early: 11-14
middle: 14-17
late: 18-21

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2
Q

what are the gender differences in physical development?

A
  • girls grow taller, start puberty and are more mature earlier than boys
  • girls start puberty around 8, peak 11-13.5 years
  • boys start around 10.5 years, 13-15 years peak
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3
Q

what are the early maturing girls and late maturing boys at risk of?

A
  • depression
  • substance abuse
  • ASBOs
  • eating disorders
  • bullying
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4
Q

what are the brain changes in adolescence?

A
  • grey matter dec. from 6yo to adolescence
  • linear inc. in white matter until 20
  • at 12yo, frontal and parietal lobes development peak
  • at 16yo, temporal lobe developmental peak
  • from puberty, inc. in density of cortical white matter
  • inc. in density of grey matter in pre-frontal cortex until puberty, then dec
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5
Q

what is the last area to reach adult full density?

A

dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex

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6
Q

in cognitive development, what are Piaget’s stages?

A
  • birth –> 2: sensorimotor stage
  • 2–>7: preoperational stage, symbolic thinking
  • 7–> 11: concrete operational stage, reason logically
  • 11-15: formal operational stage, abstract/ logical reasoning
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7
Q

what are the levels in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

A
  • 1/2: pre-convenional (desire to avoid punishment)
  • 3/4: conventional (to illicit validation from others)
  • 5/6: post-conventional (internal moral code and independent of others)
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8
Q

in emotional development, what is Harter’s 8 dimension model of self concept?

A
  • scholastic
  • job
  • athletic
  • physical appearance
  • social acceptance
  • close friends
  • romantic appeal
  • conduct of self
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9
Q

how do you remember this?

A 
Some
Jobs
Are
Pretty
Shit,
Can't
Really
Complain
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10
Q

how can self-concepts have clinical implications?

A
  • 20-30% adolescents have low self esteem

- can lead to depression, anxiety, poor academia, social isolation

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11
Q

what are the 2 models in identity formation?

A
  • Erikson’s life span stages (ages 10-20 = identity vs confusion)
  • marcia
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12
Q

what are the identity formation steps in Marcia?

A
  • identity diffusion (no crisis, no commitment)
  • identity foreclosure (no crisis, commitment)
  • moratorium (criss, actively searching for identity)
  • identity achievement (crisis over)
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13
Q

which is the only step necessary for identity development?

A

moratorium

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14
Q

what is identity associated with?

A
  • higher achievement
  • higher moral reasoning
  • higher social skills
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15
Q

what are the 4 categories to ethnic identity?

A
  • integration
  • assimilation
  • separation
  • marginalisation
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16
Q

what is integration?

A

retain base culture

develop and maintain with mainstream culture as well

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17
Q

what is assimilation?

A

lose base culture

develop and maintain with mainstream culture

18
Q

what is separation?

A
  • retain base culture

- no development into mainstream culture

19
Q

what is marginalisation?

A
  • lose base culture

- no development into mainstream culture

20
Q

describe peer development across the different age categories

A
  • primary school (7-11): goal to be accepted by peers, prefer same gender, gain loyalty
  • 11-13: expect genuiness, intimacy, common interests, emergence of cliques
  • 13-16: friendship goals, cross-gender relationships and develop larger circles
  • 16-18: emotional support expected and inc. dyadic romantic ties
21
Q

what are the gender differences in social development?

A

Boys: less intimate, disclosing and friendships embedded in larger circles
Girls: close and confiding relationships but are more brittle

22
Q

what is the onset of puberty due to?

A

2 theories:

  • maturation of CNS affecting GnRH neurones (inc, release)
  • altered set points to gonadal steroid -ve feedback
23
Q

what is menarche? body weight at menarche?

A
  • first occurrence of menstruation

- around 47kg

24
Q

what is the KISS gene?

A
  • Kisspeptin stimulates GnRH and the GnRHR
  • inc. leptin can stimulate kisspeptin and so stimulate more GnRH
  • childhood obesity –> early puberty
25
Q

what are the clinical features of anorexia nervosa?

A
  • body weight self-induced and maintained 15% below expected
  • dead of fatness
  • ## preoccupied by fatnessamennorrhoea
  • delayed growth
26
Q

what are the causes of anorexia nervosa?

A
  • genetics
  • perfectionism
  • temperaments
  • subcultures
  • abuse and adversity
  • high social class
27
Q

what is the treatment?

A
  • family intervention
  • cognitive behavioural therapy
  • weight restoration
28
Q

what are the 2 types of depression?

A
  • pre-pubertal depression (2 main types)

- adolescent depressive disorder

29
Q

what are the 2 main types of pre-pubertal depression?

A
  1. common w/ co-morbid behavioural problems, bad upbringing, course of this resembles children w/ conduct disorder, no inc. risk of recurrence in later life
  2. less common, highly familial, high rates of anxiety and bipolar, recurrence common
30
Q

what is adolescent depressive disorder?

A
  • irritability instead of sadness
  • social withdrawl
  • outcome with high recurrence
  • impairment in later adult relationships
31
Q

what are the symptoms of depression?

A
  • Persistent sadness or low mood
  • Loss of interest or pleasure
  • Fatigue/low energy
  • Disturbed sleep
  • Poor concentration
  • Low self confidence
  • Changes in appetite and weight
  • Suicidal thoughts/acts
  • Agitation
  • Guilt or self blame
32
Q

what can the 10 symptoms be clustered into?

A
  • affective: sadness, loss of enjoyment, irritability
  • cognitive: self-blame, hopelessness, guilt
  • biological: disturbed sleep, reduces appetite
33
Q

What are the different areas of developmental consideration that may predispose to depression?

A
  • Endocrine – esp in females, may inc. risk of low mood
  • Relationships with family – get closer with family as you develop
  • Peers – inc. involvement with peers as you develop –> more rejection and conflict
  • Responsibilities and hassle
34
Q

what are the causes of depression?

A
  • genetics
  • family interactions
  • life events
35
Q

what are the intervention of depression?

A
  • Cognitive behavior therapy
  • Interpersonal psychotherapy
  • Family intervention
  • Anti-depressants – SSRIs
36
Q

what is conduct disorder?

A

persistant (>6 months) failure to contol behaviour appropriately within socially defined rules

37
Q

what are the clinical features of conduct disorders?

A
  • loses temper and argues
  • Defies adult requests or rules
  • Bullies, fights or intimidates
  • Steals and breaks thing
  • Runs away
  • Tantrums
  • Cruelty to animals
  • Fire-setting
  • Truanting
  • Defiance
  • destructiveness
38
Q

what are the developmental considerations in conduct disorders?

A
  • Family changes – less direct surveillance and physical closeness
  • Peer changes – inc. involvement with peers may amplify ASBOS
  • Experimentation and risk taking – rule violation, drugs, alcohol exposure
39
Q

what are the causes of conduct disorders?

A
  • Genetic – weak
  • Child – difficult temperament, family: poor parenting, lack of warmth, inconsistent discipline
  • Wider environment – poor schools and neighbourhoods
40
Q

what is the outcome of conduct disorders?

A
  • poor outcome when there are more problems in child and family
  • Males: greater risk of ASBOs in males
  • Females: range of emotional and personality disorders
41
Q

what are some interventions that can be used?

A
  • Children – problem solving skills
  • Treat underlying co-morbidities (depression, hyperactivites)
  • Parenting programmes

notes to flashcards year 2 - LCRS1 (58 decks)

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