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77. Infertility. Male infertility. Etiology and diagnosis. Treatment and prophylactic. Flashcards

(21 cards)

1
Q

male infertility are split into groups what are they ?

A

group 1 - factors affecting spematogensiis

group 2 - reason affecting normal sperm discharge

group 3 - idiopathic infertility

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2
Q

what are some of the group 1 affecting spermatogenesis factors ?

A
Cryptorchidism
 Testicular trauma or torsion
Viral orchitis
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
Testicular neoplasia

genetic syndrome such as klinefelter and androgen insensitivity

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3
Q

what are some of the group 2 factors ?

A
Infections (epididymitis, prostatitis)
Inborn lack of vas deferens
Operative treatment of inguinal hernia or hydrocele Hypospadias, 
varicocele
Vasectomy
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4
Q

what are the reasons for group 3 ?

A

immunological reasons

and genetic reasons
micro deletion in the y chromosome mostly located in the long arm of the chromosome

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5
Q

diagnosis of male infertility is split into what ?

A

anamnesis
physical examination
spermogram
test for antisperm antibodies

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6
Q

what are the key questions asked in anamnesis ?

A

freq of sexual intercourse

continuity of infertility

extragenita diseases

presence of any disease such as - diabetes and cystic fibrosis

surgeries - hernioplasty

STI

exposure to gonadotropins

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7
Q

what should be looked out for in physical examination ?

A

penis - hypospadias , epispadia

testicles - consistency and size

varicocele -enlargement of the veins within the loose bag of skin that holds your testicles similar to varicose veins

secondary sexual characteristics - such as mammary glands and hair sparsisty

rectal examination - for abnormalities in the prostate gland

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8
Q

what are we looking for in a spermogram

A
colour – milky white
 liquefaction time up to 60 min. 
 viscosity - low
 smell
 pH – 7.2 – 7,8

 concentration of spermatozoa
– over 15 million / ml

total number of spermatozoa in the entire ejaculate
– over 40 million

 sperm mobility

 Morphology

 Leukocytes
– below 1 million / ml agglutinates

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9
Q

when is there testing for antiserum antibodies

A

when there are agglutinates in the spermogram and unexplained infertility

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10
Q

what immunogliobin are antiserum antibodies and how are they tested ?

A

IgG and IgA

elisa

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11
Q

ASTHENOZOOSPERMIA?

A

below 50% progressively mobile

/or below 25% fast progressively mobile

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12
Q

TERATOZOOSPERMIA

A

spermatozoa with normal morphology below 30%

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13
Q

OLIGOZOOSPERMIA

A

less than 20 million spermatozoa /ml

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14
Q

OTA Sd ?

A

OLIGOZOOSPERMIA
TERATOZOOSPERMIA
ASTHENOZOOSPERMIA

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15
Q

ASPERMIA

A

no spermatogenesis cells in the ejaculate

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16
Q

AZOOSPERMIA

A

no sperm in the ejaculate after centrifugation

17
Q

ASPERMATISM

A

lack of ejaculation.

18
Q

GLOBOZOOSPERMIA

A

spermatozoa lack acrozome

19
Q

ADDITIONAL EXAMINATIONS AND TES?

A

Testosterone, prolactin, FSH and LH are tested.

20
Q

prophylaxis for male infertility ?

A

Don’t smoke.
Limit or abstain from alcohol.
Steer clear of illicit drugs.
Keep the weight off.

21
Q

when a spermogram is done what is recommended to the male ?

A

masturbation after 3 – 5 days of sexual abstinence