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Principles > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

an over reactive immune system can result in

A

autoimmune diseases

allergy

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2
Q

an under reactive immune system can result in

A

cancer

infection

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3
Q

what are three natural barriers preventing infection

A

skin
mucous
commensal bacteria

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4
Q

how does the skin act as a natural barrier to infection

A

tightly packed keratinised epithelium
low pH killing microorganisms
contains sebaceous glands which secrete hydrophobic oils

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5
Q

how does mucous prevent infection

A

microorganisms trapped by mucous and swept upwards by cilia
mucous also contains IgA
mucous removed from body by coughing, sneezing

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6
Q

how do commensal bacteria prevent infection

A

compete with pathogens for nutrients

also produce fatty acids and vitamin K and B12

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7
Q

the innate immune system has a rapid/slow response and is specific/non-specific

A

rapid

non-specific

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8
Q

the adaptive immune system has a rapid/slow response and is specific/non-specific

A

slow

specific - interactions between antigen and antibody

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9
Q

which leukocytes are involved in the innate immune response

A

eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, NK cells, dendritic cells, mast cells, macrophages

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10
Q

which leukocytes are involved in the adaptive immune response

A

T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes

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11
Q

what cellular processes occur during an inflammatory response

A

release of histamine and prostaglandin
capillary dilatation - become leaky
increase in temperature to slow bacterial growth and stimulate phagocytosis

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12
Q

which leukocytes are phagocytes

A

neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells

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13
Q

monocytes are the precursor of which leukocyte

A

macrophages

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14
Q

basophils and eosinophils are involved in which type of reaction? what substances do they release

A

allergic reactions

release histamine and pro-inflammatory mediators

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15
Q

what shape is a macrophages nucleus

A

kidney bean shaped

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16
Q

what specific infected cells do natural killer cells target

A

virally infected cells and tumour cells

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17
Q

do dendritic cells mature within secondary lymphoid tissue

A

no, mature in peripheral tissues

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18
Q

how does the immune system recognise the difference between its own cells and pathogens

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

pathogens express specific molecules that humans do not express

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19
Q

what does the immune system use to identify PAMPs

A

pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

found on cell surface for pathogen detection

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20
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

macrophages and other cells ingest extracellular bacteria and fungi - form of endocytosis through use of PRRs etc

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21
Q

phagocytosis is enhanced by what process

A

opsonisation

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22
Q

what is opsonisation

A

coating of pathogens by soluble factors to enhance phagocytosis

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23
Q

name 3 soluble factors which are used in opsonisation

A

CRP
IgG
C3b

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24
Q

what are cytokines

A

group of cell types which modulate cell behaviour locally and systemically
produced in response to infection or inflammation

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25
Q

what is the function of interferons

A

have anti-viral function
protect neighbouring cells from invasion of virus
eg INF alpha

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26
Q

what is tumour necrosis factor

A

type of cytokine producing pro-inflammatory response

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27
Q

what is the function of chemokines

A

control and direct the movement of cell migration

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28
Q

other than TNF, what are other pro-inflammatory mediators

A

histamine, prostaglandin, nitric oxide

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29
Q

what is the name of the process in which neutrophils move from the blood to an infected area

A

transendothelial migration

30
Q

describe the process of transendothelial migration

A

neutrophils bind to adhesion molecules known as ICAM-1 on endothelial cells - migrate across endothelium - activation of neutrophils by PAMPs and TNFalpha

31
Q

what are the three mechanisms neutrophils can kill pathogens

A

phagocytosis
degranulation
NETS - neutrophil extracellular traps

32
Q

describe how NETs work

A

the neutrophil releases intracellular structures to immobilise the pathogen promoting phagocytosis

33
Q

what is pus from an infection made up of

A

dead neutrophils and microbial debris

34
Q

where are acute phase proteins produced

A

liver hepatocytes

35
Q

acute phase phase proteins are made up of which 2 groups

A

C reactive protein (CRP)

Complement system protein

36
Q

what is the function of CRP, is it raised or low in inflammation

A

primes bacteria for complement system destruction

37
Q

what drives the acute phase response

A

any sign of inflammation - TNFalpha

38
Q

what are the initial complement system proteins required for the process to occurs

A

mannose binding lectin

C3

39
Q

what are the 3 ways inactive C3 is converted to active C3b and C3a

A

classical pathway
alternative pathway
mannose binding lectin pathway

40
Q

what happens when C3b and C3a become active

A

causes downward cascade reaction of proteins - results in pathogen killing, opsonisation, removal of immune complexes

41
Q

mannose is not expressed in human cells true/false

A

true

42
Q

the cascade from activated C3b triggers which complement proteins

A

C5b, C6-9

43
Q

C3b and C5b cause the cell to ___

A

burst

44
Q

the primary lymphoid tissue for B cells is

A

bone marrow

45
Q

the primary lymphoid tissue for T cells is

A

thymus

46
Q

what are the sites for secondary lymphoid tissue

A

tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes

47
Q

what type of proteins do B cells produce

A

antibodies

48
Q

what type of cells can T cells differentiate into

A

CD4+ T cells

CD8+ T cells

49
Q

what is another word for antibodies

A

immunoglobulins

50
Q

antibodies are specific/non-specific to antigens

A

specific

51
Q

when do lymphocytes become active and respond to infection

A

when they meet with the antigen in the secondary lymphoid tissue

52
Q

what two processes occur when B cells become active

A

proliferation and differentiation

53
Q

what two cell types can B cells differentiate into

A

antibody secreting B cells

memory B cells

54
Q

what is the purpose of memory B cells

A

long lived and circulate around the body allowing long term immunity to infection

55
Q

what is the first class of antibody secreted in response to infection and where is it commonly found

A

IgM - found in the blood

56
Q

what is the most abundant antibody class

A

IgG

57
Q

what is the function of IgG

A

provides antibody immunity to foetus and neonates

58
Q

what is the second most abundant antibody class and where is it found

A

IgA - found in breast milk and mucous secretions

59
Q

which class of antibody class is low except in times of allergic reaction

A

IgE

60
Q

which antibody class has unknown function and low levels in the blood

A

IgD

61
Q

which antibody classes activate the classical pathway of the complement system

A

IgG, IgM

62
Q

what do T cells require to be present to identify an antigen
do B cells require this?

A

antigens must be presented to T cell receptor - B cells do not require this

63
Q

what does MHC stand for

A

major histocompatibility complex

64
Q

class I MHC is present on what type of cells

A

all nucleated cells

65
Q

class II MHC is present on what type of cells

A

only APCs (antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells)

66
Q

which T cells differentiates into different helper T cells

A

CD4+ T cells

67
Q

what do Th0 cells do

A

produce IL-2 which activated CD8+ T cells

68
Q

what do Th1 cells do

A

migrate out of secondary lymph nodes and enter site of infection

69
Q

how to Th1 cells enter the site of infection

A

transendothelial migration

70
Q

what pro-inflammatory mediators activate B cells

A

INFgamma and IL-4,5

Principles (8 decks)

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