Anatomy Flashcards
The CNS vs the PNS?
Brain and spinal cord vs spinal and cranial nerves
Myelin in the CNS vs PNS?
Meninges and epineurium
Nerve bodies in the CNS vs PNS?
Nuclei vs ganglion
Axon bundles in the CNS vs PNS?
Tracts vs nerves
Groove + elevated bits of the brain?
Sulci + gyri
The brain stem descends through the?
Foramen magnum
Order of the brain stem top to bottom?
Midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata
Name cranial nerves I-XII?
Olfactory, Oculomotor, Optic, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Spinal Accesory, Hypoglossal
What colours are the outer and inner spinal cord?
Outer white and inner grey
Pairs of spinal nerves?
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral
Number of vertebrae?
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccygeal
Where does the spinal cord end and what does it form?
Between L1-L3 and the cauda equina
How do pairs of spinal nerves arise?
Run from the intervertebral foraminae above vertebrae until C8 then arise below
Signals going in and out spinal nerves summary?
- Afferent sensory signal passes through dorsal root ganglion into dorsal rootlets
- Efferent motor signals exit ventrally through ventral rootlets
How do sensory signals enter the spinal cord?
Dorsally
How do motor signals exit the spinal cord?
Ventrally
Horns of the inner grey matter?
Dorsal, ventral and lateral (only in sympathetic chain)
Formation of spinal nerve?
- Dorsal rootlets join with ventral rootlets
- This means there is a mix of motor and sensory fibres
- Spinal nerve splits after rootlets join into dorsal and ventral rami
What does the dorsal rami supply?
Dorsal 1/3 of the body + no limbs
What does the ventral rami supply?
Ventral 2/3 of the body + limbs
Name of segments supplies by nerve pairs?
Dermatomes
Nipple dermatome?
T4
Umbilical dermatome?
T10
Sympathetic chains runs from?
T1-L2
Parasympathetic outflow runs from?
CN III, VII, IX and S2,3,4
What lobe controls the somatosensory area?
The parietal
What lobe supplies the somatomotor area?
The frontal
Upper and motor neurons are on what side to the area of movement?
Upper = opposite and lower = same
Division of the thoracic cavity that the heart is?
Mediastinum
How is the mediastinum divided?
Superior and inferior (anterior, middle and posterior)
What part of the mediastinum does the heart sit in?
Middle inferior
What part of the mediastinum does the aortic arch sit in?
Superior
Layers of the heart (outer to inner)?
Pericardium, epicardium, myocardium and endocardium
Layers of the pericardium?
Outer fibrous and inner serous
Sub-layers of the serous pericardium?
Visceral and parietal
Connects AV valve to ventricles?
Chordae tendinea and papillary muscles
All valves have 3 cusps except?
Mitral
Where do the coronary arteries arise?
At the coronary ostia of the ascending aorta
Where does the coronary ostia lie?
Just above the aortic valve
How many pulmonary veins?
4
How many pulmonary arteries?
2
4 parts of the aorta?
Ascending, arch, thoracic, abdominal
What makes up the descending aorta?
Thoracic + abdominal
Branches of the thoracic aorta?
Intercostal, bronchial, mediastinal, oesophageal, phrenic, pericardial
Branches of the ascending aorta?
Coronary arteries
Branches of the aortic arch?
Brachiocephallic, left common carotid and left subclavian
Branches of the braciocephallic artery?
Right common carotid and right subclavian
Branches of the subclavian arteries?
Vertebral, internal thoracic and axillary
Blood flow to the arms?
Axillary, brachial, radial/ulnar
The axillary artery is a branch of the?
Subclavian artery
3 branches of the abdominal aorta that stick out anteriorly?
Coeliac, SMA and IMA
Paired arteries between the SMA and IMA?
Renal and gonadal
Abdominal aorta bifurcates into?
Left and right iliac
Iliac arteries bifurcate into?
Internal ad external
Only unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta?
Median sacral
Veterbral level of coeliac trunk?
T12
Vertebral level of SMA?
L1
Vertebral level of renal arteries?
L1
Vertebral level of gonadal arteries?
L2
Vertebral level of IMA?
L3
Vertebral level of IVC bifurcation?
L5
Vertebral level of abdominal aorta bifurcation?
L4
Branches of the right coronary artery?
Right marginal and posterior interventricular
Branches of left coronary artery?
LAD/anterior interventricular and circumflex
Anastomoses of the coronary arteries?
Posterior + anterior interventricular and circumflex + right coronary artery in atrioventricular groove
Large vein that drains heart smaller veins?
Coronary sinus
Where does the coronary sinus drain into?
RA
Position of IVC and descending aorta in relation to eachother?
Aorta on left and IVC on right
What side of the body does the azygous vein run?
Right
Vertebral level of the arch of the azygous vein + what side of the body does it run?
T4 + right
The azygous veins joint on to the?
SVC
What does the azygous vein do?
Drain blood from the posterior intercostals
Name for muscle dividing right and left side of the heart?
Septum
Flaps on the atria?
Auricles
What nerve innervates the diaphragm and what forms it?
Phrenic and C3,4,5
The phrenic nerve runs?
Anterior over the lung base and across the pericardium
The vagus nerve runs?
Posterior to lung base and behind the heart
Space behind great vessels?
Transverse pericardial sinus
Where is the fossa ovalis and what was it called when open?
RA and foramen ovale
Region an artery supplies?
Its territory
The vertebral arteries join to form?
Basilar artery
Verterbral arteries run?
Through the transverse foramina and though the foramen magnum
Carotid sheaths are made of?
Deep fascia
Carotid sheaths contain?
Vagus nerve, carotids and internal jugular vein
What forms the BBB?
Tight junctions between brain capillary epithelium
CNS support/myelin producing cells vs PNS?
Astrocytes vs Schwann cells
Function of an anastomose?
Provides alternate routes for blood flow
Alternate routes of an anastomose?
Collaterals
Disadvantage of anastomoses?
Collaterals bleed from both sides
Arteries with no alternate routes?
End-arteries
7 common pulses?
Carotid, radial, brachial, femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial and dorsalis pedis
Right lymph duct runs?
Under clavicle into right venous angle
Thoracic duct runs?
Over clavicle into left venous angle
Function of lymph system?
Carries tissue fluid leaked from capillaries to nodes for screening then back into systemic circulation
2 types of bone?
Outer cortical and inner cancellous
Areas of the bone?
Diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphysis and epiphyseal growth plate
Epiphyseal growth plate undergoes … to from adult bone?
Endochondral ossification
Outer sleeve of bone?
Periosteum
Bone marrow changes colour from?
Red to yellow
5 types of bone?
Flat, long, irregular, sesamoid and short
How do new bones heal?
Periosteum covers break and allows callus to form
Common breaks in children?
Clavicle and neck of femur
The skull is divided into the?
Viscerocranium and neurocranium
Name the 10 bones you need to know of the skull?
Frontal, parietal, temporal, sphenoid, maxilla, mandible, occipital, nasal, ethmoid and zygomatic
Le Fort I?
Upper lip area of maxilla
Le Fort II?
Maxilla + nasal
Le Fort III
Maxilla + nasal + zygomatic
What is a foramen?
A hole
What is a fossa?
A dent
Regions of the mandible?
Mental process with mental foramen, body of the mandible, ramus, coronoid (anterior) and condylar (posterior) process
Primary vs secondary curvatures face?
In vs out
Regions of the single vertebrae?
Vertebral body, pedicle, transverse foramina, trasnverse process, articular process, lamina, spinous process