Flashcards in Anatomy Deck (282)
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1
The CNS vs the PNS?
Brain and spinal cord vs spinal and cranial nerves
2
Myelin in the CNS vs PNS?
Meninges and epineurium
3
Nerve bodies in the CNS vs PNS?
Nuclei vs ganglion
4
Axon bundles in the CNS vs PNS?
Tracts vs nerves
5
Groove + elevated bits of the brain?
Sulci + gyri
6
The brain stem descends through the?
Foramen magnum
7
Order of the brain stem top to bottom?
Midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata
8
Name cranial nerves I-XII?
Olfactory, Oculomotor, Optic, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Spinal Accesory, Hypoglossal
9
What colours are the outer and inner spinal cord?
Outer white and inner grey
10
Pairs of spinal nerves?
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral
11
Number of vertebrae?
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccygeal
12
Where does the spinal cord end and what does it form?
Between L1-L3 and the cauda equina
13
How do pairs of spinal nerves arise?
Run from the intervertebral foraminae above vertebrae until C8 then arise below
14
Signals going in and out spinal nerves summary?
- Afferent sensory signal passes through dorsal root ganglion into dorsal rootlets
- Efferent motor signals exit ventrally through ventral rootlets
15
How do sensory signals enter the spinal cord?
Dorsally
16
How do motor signals exit the spinal cord?
Ventrally
17
Horns of the inner grey matter?
Dorsal, ventral and lateral (only in sympathetic chain)
18
Formation of spinal nerve?
- Dorsal rootlets join with ventral rootlets
- This means there is a mix of motor and sensory fibres
- Spinal nerve splits after rootlets join into dorsal and ventral rami
19
What does the dorsal rami supply?
Dorsal 1/3 of the body + no limbs
20
What does the ventral rami supply?
Ventral 2/3 of the body + limbs
21
Name of segments supplies by nerve pairs?
Dermatomes
22
Nipple dermatome?
T4
23
Umbilical dermatome?
T10
24
Sympathetic chains runs from?
T1-L2
25
Parasympathetic outflow runs from?
CN III, VII, IX and S2,3,4
26
What lobe controls the somatosensory area?
The parietal
27
What lobe supplies the somatomotor area?
The frontal
28
Upper and motor neurons are on what side to the area of movement?
Upper = opposite and lower = same
29
Division of the thoracic cavity that the heart is?
Mediastinum
30
How is the mediastinum divided?
Superior and inferior (anterior, middle and posterior)
31
What part of the mediastinum does the heart sit in?
Middle inferior
32
What part of the mediastinum does the aortic arch sit in?
Superior
33
Layers of the heart (outer to inner)?
Pericardium, epicardium, myocardium and endocardium
34
Layers of the pericardium?
Outer fibrous and inner serous
35
Sub-layers of the serous pericardium?
Visceral and parietal
36
Connects AV valve to ventricles?
Chordae tendinea and papillary muscles
37
All valves have 3 cusps except?
Mitral
38
Where do the coronary arteries arise?
At the coronary ostia of the ascending aorta
39
Where does the coronary ostia lie?
Just above the aortic valve
40
How many pulmonary veins?
4
41
How many pulmonary arteries?
2
42
4 parts of the aorta?
Ascending, arch, thoracic, abdominal
43
What makes up the descending aorta?
Thoracic + abdominal
44
Branches of the thoracic aorta?
Intercostal, bronchial, mediastinal, oesophageal, phrenic, pericardial
45
Branches of the ascending aorta?
Coronary arteries
46
Branches of the aortic arch?
Brachiocephallic, left common carotid and left subclavian
47
Branches of the braciocephallic artery?
Right common carotid and right subclavian
48
Branches of the subclavian arteries?
Vertebral, internal thoracic and axillary
49
Blood flow to the arms?
Axillary, brachial, radial/ulnar
50
The axillary artery is a branch of the?
Subclavian artery
51
3 branches of the abdominal aorta that stick out anteriorly?
Coeliac, SMA and IMA
52
Paired arteries between the SMA and IMA?
Renal and gonadal
53
Abdominal aorta bifurcates into?
Left and right iliac
54
Iliac arteries bifurcate into?
Internal ad external
55
Only unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta?
Median sacral
56
Veterbral level of coeliac trunk?
T12
57
Vertebral level of SMA?
L1
58
Vertebral level of renal arteries?
L1
59
Vertebral level of gonadal arteries?
L2
60
Vertebral level of IMA?
L3
61
Vertebral level of IVC bifurcation?
L5
62
Vertebral level of abdominal aorta bifurcation?
L4
63
Branches of the right coronary artery?
Right marginal and posterior interventricular
64
Branches of left coronary artery?
LAD/anterior interventricular and circumflex
65
Anastomoses of the coronary arteries?
Posterior + anterior interventricular and circumflex + right coronary artery in atrioventricular groove
66
Large vein that drains heart smaller veins?
Coronary sinus
67
Where does the coronary sinus drain into?
RA
68
Position of IVC and descending aorta in relation to eachother?
Aorta on left and IVC on right
69
What side of the body does the azygous vein run?
Right
70
Vertebral level of the arch of the azygous vein + what side of the body does it run?
T4 + right
71
The azygous veins joint on to the?
SVC
72
What does the azygous vein do?
Drain blood from the posterior intercostals
73
Name for muscle dividing right and left side of the heart?
Septum
74
Flaps on the atria?
Auricles
75
What nerve innervates the diaphragm and what forms it?
Phrenic and C3,4,5
76
The phrenic nerve runs?
Anterior over the lung base and across the pericardium
77
The vagus nerve runs?
Posterior to lung base and behind the heart
78
Space behind great vessels?
Transverse pericardial sinus
79
Where is the fossa ovalis and what was it called when open?
RA and foramen ovale
80
Region an artery supplies?
Its territory
81
The vertebral arteries join to form?
Basilar artery
82
Verterbral arteries run?
Through the transverse foramina and though the foramen magnum
83
Carotid sheaths are made of?
Deep fascia
84
Carotid sheaths contain?
Vagus nerve, carotids and internal jugular vein
85
What forms the BBB?
Tight junctions between brain capillary epithelium
86
CNS support/myelin producing cells vs PNS?
Astrocytes vs Schwann cells
87
Function of an anastomose?
Provides alternate routes for blood flow
88
Alternate routes of an anastomose?
Collaterals
89
Disadvantage of anastomoses?
Collaterals bleed from both sides
90
Arteries with no alternate routes?
End-arteries
91
7 common pulses?
Carotid, radial, brachial, femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial and dorsalis pedis
92
Right lymph duct runs?
Under clavicle into right venous angle
93
Thoracic duct runs?
Over clavicle into left venous angle
94
Function of lymph system?
Carries tissue fluid leaked from capillaries to nodes for screening then back into systemic circulation
95
2 types of bone?
Outer cortical and inner cancellous
96
Areas of the bone?
Diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphysis and epiphyseal growth plate
97
Epiphyseal growth plate undergoes ... to from adult bone?
Endochondral ossification
98
Outer sleeve of bone?
Periosteum
99
Bone marrow changes colour from?
Red to yellow
100
5 types of bone?
Flat, long, irregular, sesamoid and short
101
How do new bones heal?
Periosteum covers break and allows callus to form
102
Common breaks in children?
Clavicle and neck of femur
103
The skull is divided into the?
Viscerocranium and neurocranium
104
Name the 10 bones you need to know of the skull?
Frontal, parietal, temporal, sphenoid, maxilla, mandible, occipital, nasal, ethmoid and zygomatic
105
Le Fort I?
Upper lip area of maxilla
106
Le Fort II?
Maxilla + nasal
107
Le Fort III
Maxilla + nasal + zygomatic
108
What is a foramen?
A hole
109
What is a fossa?
A dent
110
Regions of the mandible?
Mental process with mental foramen, body of the mandible, ramus, coronoid (anterior) and condylar (posterior) process
111
Primary vs secondary curvatures face?
In vs out
112
Regions of the single vertebrae?
Vertebral body, pedicle, transverse foramina, trasnverse process, articular process, lamina, spinous process
113
The pedicle connects?
The vertebral body to transverse process
114
The lamina connects?
The spinous process to the transverse process
115
The transverse process attaches to?
The ribs
116
Function of the articular process?
Joints vertebrae via facet joints
117
True ribs?
1-7
118
False ribs?
8-10
119
Floating ribs?
11 and 12
120
Ribs attach to sternum via?
Costal cartilage
121
5 types of muscle?
Circular, flat + aponeurosis, fusiform, pennate, quadrate
122
Example of circular muscle?
Oribicularis oris
123
Example of fusiform muscle?
Biceps brachii
124
Example of flat muscle with aponeurosis?
External oblique
125
Example of pennate muscle?
Deltoid
126
Example of quadrate muscle?
Rectus abdominis
127
What is an aponeurosis?
Flattened tendon
128
Divisions of the lower leg?
Posterior, lateral and anterior
129
Divisions of the thigh?
Posterior, medial and anterior
130
Divisions of the upper arm?
Posterior and anterior
131
Deltoid muscle origins and insertion?
Spine of the scapula, acromion process, lateral clavicle and deltoid tuberosity of humerous
132
Are tendons contractile?
No
133
Function of tendons?
Join muscle to bone at their origin and insertion
134
C1 name and feature?
Atlas and no spinous process
135
C2 name and feature?
Axis and odontoid process
136
C7 name and feature?
Vertebra prominens and first palpable process
137
Most stable type of joint?
Fibrous
138
Least stable type of joint?
Synovial
139
Types of fibrous joint?
Syndemoses, synchondroses and symphyses
140
Syndemoses joint feature and examples?
Join bones via fibrous membrane and fontanelle and suture joints
141
Synchondroses/ secondary cartilaginous joint feature + example?
Joins hyaline cartilage to bone + spinal vertebrae
142
Sympheses joint feature?
Fibrocartilage
143
Synovial joints are?
2 or more bones articulating in a fluid synovial cavity
144
TMJ summary?
- Synovial joint between condylar process and articular tubercle of the parietal bone
- Articular disc splits cavity into superior and inferior
145
Function of the synovial TMJ joint?
Allows condylar process to glide over articular tubercle
146
Layers of the uterus?
Endometrium, myometrium and perimetrium
147
Pouch between bladder and uterus
Vesico-uterine pouch
148
Pouch on the posterior uterus and function?
Recto-uterine pouch (of Douglas) and collects abnormal fluid
149
Journey of ovum summary?
- Released from ovary into peritoneum
- Fimbriae move ovum into infundibulum
- Cilia move ovum down uterine tube into ampulla
150
Normal fertilisation takes place?
In ampulla
151
Ectopic pregnancy?
Zygote implants outside ampulla
152
Journey of sperm summary?
Seminiferous tubules - rete testis - epididymis -vas - joins seminal gland to form ejaculatory duct - ejaculatory ducts join in prostate gland and run into urethra
153
Seminal gland function?
Produces seminal fluid
154
Spermatic cord contains?
Vas + testicular artery + pampiniform plexus of veins
155
Control of erection?
Parasympathetic
156
Control of ejaculation?
Sympathetic
157
Male and female sterilisation?
Clipping of vas or uterine tubes
158
Vertebral level of oesophagus and trachea origin?
C6
159
Vertebral level of lung apices?
T1
160
Vertebral level of suprasternal notch + first rib?
T2/3
161
Vertebral level of top of aortic arch?
T4
162
Vertebral level of sternomanubrial joint + bifurcation of bronchi?
T5
163
Level of oblique fissure anteriorly vs posteriorly?
6th rib vs T3
164
Level of horizontal fissure anteriorly vs posteriorly?
4th rib vs 5th rib
165
Vertebral level of IVC and phrenic entering diaphragm?
T8
166
Vertebral level of oesophagus and vagus nerve entering diaphragm?
T10
167
Vertebral level of aorta, azygous and thoracic duct entering diaphragm?
T12
168
Two layers of the pleura form the?
Pulmonary ligaments
169
Does the hilum have pleural coverage?
No
170
What forms the interlobar fissures?
Visceral pleura
171
Each lung lobe is supplied by a?
Lobar bronchi
172
How many bronchopulmonary segments per lung?
10
173
Segmental bronchi supply?
Bronchopulmonary segments
174
Intercostal neurovascular bundle order?
VAN
175
Where does the interocostal neurovascular bundles lie?
Under the ribs
176
Innveration of the intercostal nerve?
T1-T11
177
Posterior intercostal blood supply?
Thoracic aorta + azygous veins
178
Anterior intercostal blood supply?
Internal throracic artery + thoracic vein
179
Neck muscles we need to know?
Trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, scalneus anterior, medial and posterior
180
Chest/arm muscles we need to know?
Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, latissimus dorsi, deltoid
181
Abdominal muscles we need to know?
External and internal oblique, rectus abdmonis and transverse abdominis
182
Major superficial vein in the arm and where does it run?
Cephallic vein and in the delto-pectoral groove
183
Major superficial vein in the leg?
Great saphenous vein
184
Largest vein in the body?
Great saphenous
185
The inguinal ligament is formed by ..... and runs between what?
External oblique aponeurosis and between the ASIS and pubic tubercle
186
What forms the inguinal canal?
Transversalis fascia
187
Aponeurosis of the abdominal muscles meets at the?
Linea alba
188
Name of the point where the abdominal muscle meets its aponeurosis?
Linea semilunaris
189
Inguinal canal contains?
Spermatic cord (males) and round ligament (females)
190
Direct hernia goes through?
Superficial ring
191
Indirect hernia goes through?
Deep + superficial ring
192
Superficial ring is also known as the?
V-shaped defect
193
Test between direct and indirect hernia?
Press on superficial ring, ask patient to cough, direct will reappear and indirect won't
194
Outer layers of the spermatic cord?
Outer, cremasteric and inner spermatic fascia
195
What is the rima glottidis?
Opening between vocal cords and arytenoid cartilage of larynx
196
What cranial nerves run from the midbrain?
CNI-IV
197
What cranial nerves run from the pons?
CNV
198
What cranial nerves run from the pontomedullary junction?
CNVI
199
What cranial nerves run from the cerebellopontine angle?
CNVII and CNVIII
200
What cranial nerves run from the medulla oblongata?
CNVIX-XII
201
CNI/ Olfactory function?
Smell
202
CNII,III,IV,VI/ Oculomotor, optic, trochlear, abducens function?
Eye movement
203
CNV/ Trigeminal function?
Mouth
204
Branches of CNV/trigeminal?
CNVa (opthalmic), CNVb (maxillary) and CNVc (mandibular)
205
CNVb name, function and where it runs from?
Maxillary, innervates nasal cavity + upper mouth and runs from foramen rotundum
206
CNVc name, function and where it runs from?
Mandibular, innervates bottom mouth and runs from foramen ovale
207
Branch of CNVc?
Lingual nerve
208
Lingual nerve innervates?
Anterior 2/3rds of the tongue
209
CNVII/ Facial function?
Muscles of facial expression, submandibular + sublingual glands
210
CNVIII/ Vestibulocochlear function?
Balance and hearing
211
CNIX/ Glossopharyngeal function and where is runs from?
Parotid glands, posterior tongue, oropharynx and runs from the jugular foramen
212
CNX/ Vagus function and where is runs from?
Pharynx, larynx, soft palate, lungs/heart/gut
213
CNXI/ Accessory function?
Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
214
CNXII/ Hypoglossal function and where it runs from?
Muscles of the tongue and runs from hypoglossal canal
215
9 sub-regions of the abdomen?
Hypochondriac, epigastric, lumbar, umbilical, iliac, hypogastric
216
4 abdominal quadrants?
RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ
217
Mouth anatomy summary?
Hard palate, soft palate, gingiva, uvula, palatine tonsils, frendulum
218
All tongue muscles are innervated by CNXII except .... which is innervated by .... ?
Palatoglossus and vagus nerve
219
4 regions of the stomach?
Fundus, body, antrum, pyloris
220
Fold of the stomach?
Rugae
221
Sphincter connecting stomach to duodenum?
Pyloric
222
3 parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum, jejunum and ileum
223
Part of the duodenum and the angle in which they run?
1st and 2nd are descending, 3rd is horizontal and 4th is ascending
224
D4 meets the jejunum at the?
Duodenojejunal flexture
225
7 parts of the colon?
Caecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, rectum, anus
226
Flextures and quadrants of the colon?
Hepatic flexture in RUQ and splenic flexture in LUQ
227
Areas behind the ascending and descending colon?
Paracolic gutters
228
The appendix is an extension of the?
Caecum
229
Caecum connects to appendix via?
Appendiceal orifice
230
Vertebral level of recto-sigmoid junction?
S3
231
Muscles that line the pelvic floor?
Levator ani
232
Rectum becomes what before passing through levator ani?
Rectal ampulla and anal canal
233
What divides the upper 2/3rds and lower 1/3rd of the anal canal?
Pectinate line
234
Innervation, sphincter and blood supply above the pectinate line?
Inferior hypogastric artery (T12-L2), internal and IMA/IMV
235
Innervation, sphincter and blood supply below the pectinate line?
Pudenal (S2,3,4), external and internal iliac A + V
236
What makes up the pudenal nerve?
S2,3,4
237
What makes up the inferior hypogastric nerve?
T12-L2
238
3 branches of coeliac trunk?
Splenic, left gastric and common hepatic
239
Where does the splenic artery run + branches?
Over the pancreas and left gastro-omental
240
Where does the left gastric artery run?
Lesser curvature of stomach
241
Where does the left gastro-omental artery run?
Greater curvature of the stomach
242
Branches of the common hepatic artery?
Right gastric and gastroduodenal (branches to give right gastro-omental)
243
Where does the right gastro-omental artery come from?
The gastroduodenal artery as a branch of the common hepatic
244
4 lobes of the liver?
Left, right, cadudate, quadrate
245
Anterior liver ligament?
Falciform
246
How many liver sub-segments?
8
247
Blood supply in and out of liver?
Hepatic artery and portal vein enter and blood drains via central vein into 1 of 3 hepatic veins which join IVC
248
The hepatodoudenal ligament is made from the .... and contains the ..... ?
Lesser omentum and major portal triad
249
Portal vein drains the?
Splenic, SMV and IMV
250
Biliary tree summary?
- Common bile duct is formed by the cystic + hepatic
- Common bile duct joins the pancreatic duct to form the ampulla of vater
- Ampulla of vater drains via the spincter of oddi into D2
251
4 muscles of mastication?
Temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral ptyergoid
252
Muscle that opens jaw?
Lateral pterygoid
253
TMJ innervation?
Trigeminal/ CNV
254
Where is the adrenal glands?
Suprarenal (above kidneys)
255
Muscle of the cheek that moves food during mastication?
Buccinator
256
Bones of the hand?
Lunate, scaphoid, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate, triquetrum, pisiform
257
Ankle bone?
Medial malleolus
258
What 2 words mean “of the tongue” to help remember innervation?
Glossal and lingual
259
Nerves that innverate the tongue and which area?
Hypoglossal (all), lingual (anterior 2/3) and glossopharyngeal (posterior 1/3)
260
Which nerves innervates which facial glands?
Facial (submandibular and sublingual) + glossopharygeal (parotid)
261
Nerve supply of the rectum?
S4/ inferior rectal nerve
262
How does the pudendal nerve run to reach below the pectinate line?
Out of the pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen and into perineum via the lesser sciatic foramen
263
The pudendal nerve is a branch of the?
Sacral plexus
264
What forms the sacral plexus?
L4-S4
265
Muscle that wraps around recto-anal junction to control defection?
Puborectalis
266
Where does the puborectalis attach?
Pubic tubercle
267
Innervation of the pharynx constrictor muscles?
Outer (CNX) and inner (all CNX) except stylopharygeus in the nasopharynx which is CNIX)
268
Bottom lump of the frenulum that separates the sublingual glands?
Sublingual caruncle
269
Where does the parotid gland secrete via?
Opposite the 2nd upper molar
270
Types of teeth?
4 incisor, (then per side) 2 canine, 2 pre-molar and 3 molar (+ 1 wisdom)
271
Intraperitoneal organs?
Stomach, liver, gall bladder, tail of pancreas, D1, jejunum, ilieum, caecum, appendix, trasverse colon, sigmoid colon and spleen
272
Retroperitoneal organs?
D2,3,4, ascending + descending colon, rectum, head/neck/body of pancreas, kidneys, adrenal glands, abdominal aorta and IVC
273
2 parts of the lesser omentum?
Hepatoduodenal ligament + hepatogastric ligament
274
Where does the lesser omentum attach?
Lesser curvature of stomach
275
The greater omentum attaches where?
Greater curvature if the stomach
276
Branches of the superior mesenteric artery?
Ileal, jejunal, ileocolic, right and middle colic
277
Branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?
Left colic and sigmoid
278
How many layers in the greater omentum + lesser omentum?
4 + 2
279
Nerves going to the adrenal glands run from?
T10-L1
280
Where does the inferior epigastric artery arise from?
The external iliac artery
281
Where does the needle need to be positioned during an abdominocentesis + why?
Lateral to the rectus sheath + avoids the inferior epigastric artery
282
