exam II Flashcards
hard bumps on inside of mandible
- mandibular tori
- usually bilateral & asymptomatic
- often associated w/ tooth grinding
- also can have torus palatinus
what passes through apical foramen of tooth?
- alveolar nerves (sympathetic)
- can only experience pain
palatine tonsils exist between which 2 structures?
- palatoglossal arch & palatopharyngeal arch
what tonsils are at the back of the tongue?
- lingual tonsils
what tonsils are near nasopharynx?
- pharyngeal tonsils
- adenoid if enlarged
what is the boundary between oral cavity & oropharynx?
- palatoglossal arch
arteries supplying the tonsils?
- tonsillar & ascending palatine (from fascial)
- dorsal lingual, ascending pharyngeal, descending palatine (from external carotid)
what is the small bump at front of hard palate?
- incisive papilla
central line on hard palate?
- palatine raphe
ridges on hard palate?
- transverse palatine folds or palatine rugae
muscles of the soft palate?
- tensor veli palatini
- levator veli palatini
- uvula
- palatopharyngeus
- palatoglossus
palatoglossus
- CN X
- elevates/retracts tongue, pulls down soft palate (sealing oropharynx)
- velar consonants, isolates vestibule saliva, assists in swallowing
uvula
- CN X
- seals nasopharynx
- uvular consonants
shortened or bifid uvula
- may lead to middle ear infections due to nasal regurgitation
tensor veli palatini
- CN V3
- flattens palate & opens eustachian tube
- has shiny tendon
- originates in scaphoid fossae, hooks around pterygoid hamulus (2 bellies)
levator veli palatini
- CN X
- elevates palate
- looks like it’s going into eustachian tube
palate sensory innervations
- most anterior: nasopalatine
- hard palate: greater palatine
- posterio-lateral hard palate: lesser palatine
alveolar mucosa innervation (lingual side)
- greater palatine (maxilla)
- lingual (mandible)
alveolar mucosa innervation (oral vestibule side)
- posterior/middle/anterior alveolar from infraorbital (maxilla)
- inferior alveolar (mandible)
labial mucosa innervation
- upper: labial branches of infraorbital (V2)
- lower: labial branches of mental (V3)
tongue functions
- taste, speech, manipulate/digest food, absorption
extrinsic tongue muscles
- styloglossus
- hyoglossus
- genioglossus
- palatoglossus
genioglossus
- CN XII
- protrusion & depress central portion
- originates on mental spine & inserts on tongue/body of hyoid
hyoglossus
- CN XII
- depression of tongue
- originates on body/greater horn of hyoid & attaches to lateral/dorsal surface of tongue
styloglossus
- CN XII
- retraction, cupping
- originates on styloid process & attaches to lateral side of tongue
intrinsic tongue muscle function
- modulate tongue shape for language
- no bony attachments
hypoglossal nerve direction
- passes over occipital arter, external to carotids & hyoglossus, & dives under mylohyloid
big round papillae on tongue?
- vallate papillae
what is the dividing line for tongue sensory innervation?
- terminal sulcus converging at foramen cecum
what provides general sensation to anterior 2/3 of tongue?
- lingual nerve (V3)
what provides taste sensation to anterior 2/3 of tongue?
- chorda tympani (CN VII)
* joins lingual nerve
what provides general sensation to posterior 1/3 of tongue?
- CN IX
what provides taste sensation to posterior 1/3 of tongue?
- CN IX
tongue blood supply
- lingual artery: medial to hyoglossus
- dorsal, deep, & sublingual branches
salivary glands
- major (2x each): parotid, submandibular, sublingual
- minor: labial, palatine, pharyngeal
sublingual duct passes over what nerve?
- lingual
pharynx divisions
- nasopharynx (choanae to soft palate end)
- oropharynx (soft palate to epiglottis)
- laryngopharynx (epiglottis to cricoid cartilage)
circular muscles of pharynx
- superior, middle, & inferior constrictors
superior constrictor
- CN X
- originates on pterygoid hamulus & pterygomandibular raphe
- attaches on pharyngeal tubercle & raphe
middle constrictor
- CN X
- originates on greater horn of hyoid
- attaches on pharyngeal raphe
inferior constrictor
- CN X
- originates on oblique line of thyroid cartilage
- attaches on pharyngeal raphe
longitudinal muscles of pharynx
- salpingopharyngeus
- palatopharyngeus
- stylopharyngeus
- elevate & shorten pharynx during swallowing
salpingopharyngeus
- CN X
- salpinx (eustachian tube) to pharynx
palatopharyngeus
- CN X
- palate to pharynx
stylopharyngeus
- CN IX
- styloid process to pharynx
what passes above superior constrictor?
- eustachian tube
- levator veli palitini
what passes between superior & middle constrictors?
- stylohyoid ligament
- stylopharyngeus
- CN IX
what passes between the middle & inferior constrictors?
- internal laryngeal n. & superior laryngeal a.
* location of thyrohyoid membrane
what passes below inferior constrictor?
- recurrent laryngeal n. & inferior laryngeal a.
functions of the larynx
- phonation
- acts as sphincter for respiratory system
- swallowing
larynx boundaries
- located in lower part of pharynx (around inferior constrictor & cricopharyngeus)
- begins at tip of epiglottis (C3-C4)
- ends at lower border of cricoid cartilage (C6)
cartilages of larynx
- 3 unpaired: epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid
- 3 paired: arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform
anatomy of thyroid cartilage
- laryngeal prominence
- superior thyroid notch
- superior horn (articulates w/ hyoid)
- inferior horn (connects w/ cricoid & allows pivot)
- oblique line (thyrohyoid, sternothyroid, inferior constrictor)
thyroid cartilage in males vs. females
- males: more narrow angle between lamina (90˚)
- females: 120˚
anatomy of cricoid cartilage
- forms a complete ring (1st tracheal ring): narrow anterior arch & broad posterior lamina
- articular facet on lateral surface for inferior horn of thyroid cartilage
- articular facet on upper surface for base of arytenoid cartilages
anatomy of arytenoid cartilages
- small, pyramidal
- base articulates w/ cricoid
- apex supports corniculate cartilage
- vocal process (anterior) attaches to vocal ligaments
- muscular process (lateral) attaches to intrinsic muscles
name of space between vocal cords
- rima glottidis
anatomy of epiglottis
- leaf shaped
- hyoepiglottic ligament connects to hyoid
- thyroepiglottic ligament connects to thyroid cartilage back
- anterior surface: 3 glossoepiglottic folds & 2 valleculae
the epiglottis deflects food into ____.
- the piriform recess (upper part of pharynx leading to esophagus)