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microbio > Public Health > Flashcards

Public Health Flashcards

1
Q

What is Epidemiology?

A

A field where health professionals trace diseases and recommend control.
including infectious and non infectious diseases

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2
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

Increased occurrence of a disease in a particular population during a specific period.

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3
Q

What is common source epidemic?

A

a group of people is exposed at one time to a particular disease agent from a common source of contamination

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4
Q

What is an example of a common source epidemic?

A

An outbreak of botulism from people eating at a single restaurant

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5
Q

What is progated epidemics?

A

an infectious agent is transmitted from one host to another via direct contact or a vector.

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6
Q

What is an example of a progated epidemic?

A

Measles outbreak from one student to many others

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7
Q

What is a pandemics?

A

epidemics that affect several countries or major portions of the world. Plague in Europe, killed 25 M people.

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8
Q

What is an endemic?

A

a disease that is constantly present in a population. Measles, gonorrhea are examples of these disease endemic in the US.

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9
Q

What is mortality?

A

the number of deaths in a population.

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10
Q

What is mortality rate?

A

the number of deaths in a population per 1,000

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11
Q

What is morbidity?

A

the number of cases of disease in a population

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12
Q

What is prevalence rate?

A

describes the occurrence of existing cases of disease in a population during a specified period of time.

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13
Q

What is incidence rate?

A

the number of new cases of disease in a population from a previously nondiseased persons in a given time period.

the number of new cases of disease in a population from a previously nondiseased persons in a given time period.

is the number of new cases of disease in a population from a previously nondiseased persons in a given time period

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14
Q

How are epidemiological diseases analyzed?

A

By disease rates and time

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15
Q

What are disease rates and time?

A

changes in morbidity and mortality rates with time suggest that contributing factors for the disease have changed.

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16
Q

What are examples of disease rates and times?

A

influenza, highs and lows versus the season. Arthropod transmitted diseases occur during times of the year that favor these vectors

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17
Q

What are examples of disease rates and people?

A

Morbidity and mortality rates higher with infants and the elderly.
Morbidity and mortality rates differ with sex of the individual
Morbidity and mortality rates differ among races.

18
Q

What are examples of disease rates and places?

A

STD’s occur more frequently in the Southeastern US.

19
Q

What is nosocomial infections?

A

Hospital acquired infections, 10% of people admitted to a hospital acquire an infection during their stay

20
Q

How is epidemiology data collected?

A

interviews and diagnostic test screening

21
Q

What is the biases associated with interviews?

A

validity and accuracy in question due to reluctance of patient to be truthful

22
Q

How should diagnostic test be completed?

A

Accurate, sensitive and specific, it must be able to differentiate people with the disease and those that do not have the disease

23
Q

What is the different between test in series and parallel?

A

Tests in parallel, person is considered positive if any test demonstrates positive. Breast cancer, physical lump detection, mammography, MRI.

24
Q

How should tests be completed?

A

reliable, reproducible or both.

25
Q

How should screening test be completed?

A

Screening test should performed on a population with a high frequency of the disease

26
Q

What are experimental studies?

A

the investigator controls the influence of factors that cause a disease. Ex, study of the influence of fluoride added to water supplies to control dental carries

27
Q

What are observational studies?

A

the conditions are uncontrolled

28
Q

What are types of observational studies?

A

(Retrospective studies), comparisons are made between a group of persons who have the disease and those that do not. (Prospective studies), involves following a group of people free of a given disease, but who vary in exposure to the suspected disease associated characteristic

29
Q

What is an example of a prospective study?

A

180,000 white males (50-60 yrs old), annual smoking history and deaths from lung cancer, correlation with lung cancer and number of cigarettes smoked per day.

30
Q

Why are biological agents used?

A

Biological agents are inexpensive, nuclear is very expensive.
Microorganisms are readily available.
Scientific knowledge to produce these is available, many unemployed from the USSR.
Biological weapons easy to transport, without detection, Airport security does not pick them up.
Effect of the attack not known for days.
Small attacks generate fear.

31
Q

How are biological agents turned into weapons?

A

Modify virulence
Vaccine resistant
Antibiotic resistance
Small particle size, hang time in the air increased, therefore more regional infectivity

32
Q

What is weaponizing?

A

The development of biological agents into effective agents of mass destruction

33
Q

What are signs of an epidemiological attack?

A

Unusual appearance of disease
Multiple disease entities in the patient, ie anthrax, plague, smallpox.
Large number of casualties, point source outbreak.
Apparent transmission by aerosol, over a large region.

34
Q

What are the CDC bioterrorism agents?

A

There are three categories A,B or C

35
Q

What is a category A agent?

A

High priority agents that pose a risk to national security because of easy dissemination or transmission person to person. High degree of mortality, cause social panic, require special health preparedness.

36
Q

What are types of A agents?

A 
Anthrax
Botulism
Plague
Smallpox
Tularemia
Viral hemorrhagic fevers, Ebola
37
Q

What is a category B agent?

A

moderate dissemination, moderate mortality.

38
Q

What are types of B agents?

A 
Brucellosis
Glanders
Q fever
Staph enterotoxin B
Epsilon toxin Clostridium perfringens
Ricin toxin, from the Castor Bean
39
Q

What is a category C agent?

A

emerging pathogens that could be engineered for high mortality

40
Q

What are types of C agents?

A

Hantavirus
Multiple drug resistant TB
Tickborne, encephalitis, hemorrhagic fever viruses
Yellow fever

41
Q

What is beneficial use of Botulinum?

A

Botox

microbio (6 decks)

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