Exam 3 Flashcards by Kerry Stoppiello

What are types of symbiosis?

Mutalism, commenalism and parasitism

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Where do symbiosis occur?

Endosymbiosis live inside the host and Ecotsymbiosis attach outside

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What is mutalism?

both organisms benefit

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What are examples of mutalism?

nitrogen fixing, lichens, mycorrihae, flashlight fish

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What are different mutalism sybionts?

protozoa, insects and ruminants

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What are three types of nitrogen fixing symbionts?

Gram-negative, actinomycetes and Microsymbiont Anabaena

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What is a gram negative symbionts?

heterotrophic soil bacteria, Rhizobia, symbiont with plants of legume family

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What is an actinomycetes symbionts?

Frankia, symbiont with non-leguminous actinorhizal plants, such as alder, californiz lilac and australian pine

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What is a microsymbiont Anabaena?

have symbiotic association with water fern Azolla

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What is reduced during nitrogen fixation?

Nitrogen is reduced to ammunium by nitrogenase

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What is part of nitrogenase?

dinitrogenase and dinitrogenase reductase

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What are the nitrogen proteins components?

Both have iron and dinitrogenase has molybdenum, part of cofactor FeMo-co

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What happens to mitrogenase when exposed to oxygen?

irreversibly destroyed

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How is the destruction of nitrogenase avioded?

rhizobia-legume symbiosis have leghemoglobin that bind to oxygen near nitrogenase

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What was the Nif gene found?

by studying the Klebsiella pneumoniae gene for dinitrogenase and dinitrogenase reductase

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How many Nif genes were identified?

20 genes, grouped into 7 nif operons

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What makes the nitrogenase complex?

Nitrogenase (component 1) and Dinitrogenase reductase (component 2) are formed indepently to make it

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What else does nitrogenase reduce?

Cyanide, acetylene and other triply bounded compounds

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What assays the activity of nitrogenase?

the reduction of acetylene to ethylene

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What are lichens?

a symbiosis between fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium. mostly ascomycota

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Where are lichen found?

in diverse places from deserts, Arctics and Antarctic

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Where do lichen grow?

Inhospitable environments, function as primary colonizers of stressful habitats

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Who eats lichens?

animals like reindeer and caribou

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What are lichens senitive to?

air pollution, ie. sulfur and nitrogen

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What are lichens natural indicators of?

air quality

What are mycorrhizae?

a symbiosis between fungi and plants

What do plants get from the mycorrhizae?

mineral nutrients

What do mycorrhizae get from the plants?

carbohydrates

What are the major types of mycorrhizae?

ectomycorrhiza and endomycorrhiza

Where do ectomycorrhizae grow?

woody plants, pine, oak and birch

What is the mycelium?

a sheath or mantle around the roots of the symbiont plant.

What comes from the mycelium mantle?

a hyphal network called hartig net extends into the root between the cells

How many vascular plants have endomycorrhizae?

80%

Where do the endomycorrhizae grow?

into the root cortical cells, forming special structures

How are endomycorrhizae divided?

arbuscular, orchid and ericoid mycorrhizae based on morphology and host plant

What kind of symbiotic relationship does a flashlight fish have?

luminscent bacteria with Anomalopidae fish family

WHat is the light used for?

communication, lure prey and confuse predators

What are types of protozoa are symbionts with bacteria?

endosymbionts of paramecium aurelia and amoebas

How are symbionts of protozoa determined?

Highly host specific and specific genes

What do endosymbiotic bacteria produce for the protozoa?

cellulose and assist in the digestion of cellulose

What is the symbiont bacteria have with insects?

endosymbionts help digest wood cellulose in cockroaches and termites

What are symbiosis of ruminants?

microotganisms have a mutualistic relationship with plant eating animals

What do the symbionts do?

decompose cellulous and other plant materials, obtain vitamin and proteins for ruminants

What is parasitism?

symbiotic relationship between 2 organisms, 1 benefits by growth and reproduction at the harm of the other

What can microorganisms do?

Act as parasites of plants and animals that cause disease of host

What is potato late blight?

most devastating plant disease, 1 mil died in 1845-49, Great Irish Famine

How do pathogenic microorganisms affect humans?

Invade and cause diseases killing millions

What is the prorozoan genus Plasmodium?

Malaria affects 400 mil most children

What is Chlamydiae?

a bacterial phylum, obligate intracellular pathogen, disease in birds, humans and mammals

How does Chlamydiae synthesize its energy?

It doesn't, takes from host metabolic energy

What is Bdellovibrio?

curved g - bacterium, micro leach, highly mobile, preys on gram - bacteria by boring into outer membrane and multipling in the periplasm

How does Bdellovibrio multiple?

after cells divides, the host cell lysis

What is commensalism?

Symbiotic relationship, 1 org benefits the other org is unaffected

Microorganisms are commensalistic in whos microflora?

Humans

What symbiosis have dynamic relations?

mutualism, commensalism and parasitism

How can symbiosis change?

based on environmental conditions, by other infections, broad spectrum antibiotics or impaired immune systems from disease or treatment

What are 3 types of lichens?

Crustose - crust like, foliose - leaf like, fruitose - scrub like

What does mycellium do?

protects algae, absorbs water/mineral,

What is Vibrio fischeri?

gram - bacteria in temperate and warm waters, bioluminescence

What is AHL?

acyl homoserine lactones, activates bioluminescence

What is Chlamydiae Trachomatis?

has 15 serotypes

What is trachoma?

type of C. Trachomatis, causes blindness

What is an Elementary bodies?

attaches to host cells, induces phagocytosis, infectious stage

What is a Reticulate bodies?

EB becomes, binary fussion produce EB

How is C. trachomatis ID?

Giemsa stain and fluorescent antibodies

What is Lymphogranulma?

C. trachomatis, 2 types: nongonocal urethritis, muropurulent cervicitis

What is muropurulent cervicitis?

Female, yellow, green discharge, causes pelvic inflammatory disease if not treated, ocular infection, protocolitis-homo males, passed to infants at birth cause pneumonia & eye infection. treatment doxycycline

What is nongonocal urethritis?

males, transmitted sexually, pain urination/ discharge

What is Chlamydiae pneumoniae?

has EB/RB life cycle, atypical pneumonia, leads to bronchitis, sinus infection

WHat is Chlamydia psittaci?

past in birds/turkeys to humans by feathers, | psihucosis - parrot fever, lead to indocarditis