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Microbio > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are types of symbiosis?

A

Mutalism, commenalism and parasitism

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2
Q

Where do symbiosis occur?

A

Endosymbiosis live inside the host and Ecotsymbiosis attach outside

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3
Q

What is mutalism?

A

both organisms benefit

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4
Q

What are examples of mutalism?

A

nitrogen fixing, lichens, mycorrihae, flashlight fish

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5
Q

What are different mutalism sybionts?

A

protozoa, insects and ruminants

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6
Q

What are three types of nitrogen fixing symbionts?

A

Gram-negative, actinomycetes and Microsymbiont Anabaena

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7
Q

What is a gram negative symbionts?

A

heterotrophic soil bacteria, Rhizobia, symbiont with plants of legume family

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8
Q

What is an actinomycetes symbionts?

A

Frankia, symbiont with non-leguminous actinorhizal plants, such as alder, californiz lilac and australian pine

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9
Q

What is a microsymbiont Anabaena?

A

have symbiotic association with water fern Azolla

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10
Q

What is reduced during nitrogen fixation?

A

Nitrogen is reduced to ammunium by nitrogenase

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11
Q

What is part of nitrogenase?

A

dinitrogenase and dinitrogenase reductase

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12
Q

What are the nitrogen proteins components?

A

Both have iron and dinitrogenase has molybdenum, part of cofactor FeMo-co

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13
Q

What happens to mitrogenase when exposed to oxygen?

A

irreversibly destroyed

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14
Q

How is the destruction of nitrogenase avioded?

A

rhizobia-legume symbiosis have leghemoglobin that bind to oxygen near nitrogenase

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15
Q

What was the Nif gene found?

A

by studying the Klebsiella pneumoniae gene for dinitrogenase and dinitrogenase reductase

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16
Q

How many Nif genes were identified?

A

20 genes, grouped into 7 nif operons

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17
Q

What makes the nitrogenase complex?

A

Nitrogenase (component 1) and Dinitrogenase reductase (component 2) are formed indepently to make it

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18
Q

What else does nitrogenase reduce?

A

Cyanide, acetylene and other triply bounded compounds

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19
Q

What assays the activity of nitrogenase?

A

the reduction of acetylene to ethylene

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20
Q

What are lichens?

A

a symbiosis between fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium. mostly ascomycota

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21
Q

Where are lichen found?

A

in diverse places from deserts, Arctics and Antarctic

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22
Q

Where do lichen grow?

A

Inhospitable environments, function as primary colonizers of stressful habitats

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23
Q

Who eats lichens?

A

animals like reindeer and caribou

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24
Q

What are lichens senitive to?

A

air pollution, ie. sulfur and nitrogen

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25
Q

What are lichens natural indicators of?

A

air quality

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26
Q

What are mycorrhizae?

A

a symbiosis between fungi and plants

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27
Q

What do plants get from the mycorrhizae?

A

mineral nutrients

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28
Q

What do mycorrhizae get from the plants?

A

carbohydrates

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29
Q

What are the major types of mycorrhizae?

A

ectomycorrhiza and endomycorrhiza

30
Q

Where do ectomycorrhizae grow?

A

woody plants, pine, oak and birch

31
Q

What is the mycelium?

A

a sheath or mantle around the roots of the symbiont plant.

32
Q

What comes from the mycelium mantle?

A

a hyphal network called hartig net extends into the root between the cells

33
Q

How many vascular plants have endomycorrhizae?

A

80%

34
Q

Where do the endomycorrhizae grow?

A

into the root cortical cells, forming special structures

35
Q

How are endomycorrhizae divided?

A

arbuscular, orchid and ericoid mycorrhizae based on morphology and host plant

36
Q

What kind of symbiotic relationship does a flashlight fish have?

A

luminscent bacteria with Anomalopidae fish family

37
Q

WHat is the light used for?

A

communication, lure prey and confuse predators

38
Q

What are types of protozoa are symbionts with bacteria?

A

endosymbionts of paramecium aurelia and amoebas

39
Q

How are symbionts of protozoa determined?

A

Highly host specific and specific genes

40
Q

What do endosymbiotic bacteria produce for the protozoa?

A

cellulose and assist in the digestion of cellulose

41
Q

What is the symbiont bacteria have with insects?

A

endosymbionts help digest wood cellulose in cockroaches and termites

42
Q

What are symbiosis of ruminants?

A

microotganisms have a mutualistic relationship with plant eating animals

43
Q

What do the symbionts do?

A

decompose cellulous and other plant materials, obtain vitamin and proteins for ruminants

44
Q

What is parasitism?

A

symbiotic relationship between 2 organisms, 1 benefits by growth and reproduction at the harm of the other

45
Q

What can microorganisms do?

A

Act as parasites of plants and animals that cause disease of host

46
Q

What is potato late blight?

A

most devastating plant disease, 1 mil died in 1845-49, Great Irish Famine

47
Q

How do pathogenic microorganisms affect humans?

A

Invade and cause diseases killing millions

48
Q

What is the prorozoan genus Plasmodium?

A

Malaria affects 400 mil most children

49
Q

What is Chlamydiae?

A

a bacterial phylum, obligate intracellular pathogen, disease in birds, humans and mammals

50
Q

How does Chlamydiae synthesize its energy?

A

It doesn’t, takes from host metabolic energy

51
Q

What is Bdellovibrio?

A

curved g - bacterium, micro leach, highly mobile, preys on gram - bacteria by boring into outer membrane and multipling in the periplasm

52
Q

How does Bdellovibrio multiple?

A

after cells divides, the host cell lysis

53
Q

What is commensalism?

A

Symbiotic relationship, 1 org benefits the other org is unaffected

54
Q

Microorganisms are commensalistic in whos microflora?

A

Humans

55
Q

What symbiosis have dynamic relations?

A

mutualism, commensalism and parasitism

56
Q

How can symbiosis change?

A

based on environmental conditions, by other infections, broad spectrum antibiotics or impaired immune systems from disease or treatment

57
Q

What are 3 types of lichens?

A

Crustose - crust like, foliose - leaf like, fruitose - scrub like

58
Q

What does mycellium do?

A

protects algae, absorbs water/mineral,

59
Q

What is Vibrio fischeri?

A

gram - bacteria in temperate and warm waters, bioluminescence

60
Q

What is AHL?

A

acyl homoserine lactones, activates bioluminescence

61
Q

What is Chlamydiae Trachomatis?

A

has 15 serotypes

62
Q

What is trachoma?

A

type of C. Trachomatis, causes blindness

63
Q

What is an Elementary bodies?

A

attaches to host cells, induces phagocytosis, infectious stage

64
Q

What is a Reticulate bodies?

A

EB becomes, binary fussion produce EB

65
Q

How is C. trachomatis ID?

A

Giemsa stain and fluorescent antibodies

66
Q

What is Lymphogranulma?

A

C. trachomatis, 2 types: nongonocal urethritis, muropurulent cervicitis

67
Q

What is muropurulent cervicitis?

A

Female, yellow, green discharge, causes pelvic inflammatory disease if not treated, ocular infection, protocolitis-homo males, passed to infants at birth cause pneumonia & eye infection. treatment doxycycline

68
Q

What is nongonocal urethritis?

A

males, transmitted sexually, pain urination/ discharge

69
Q

What is Chlamydiae pneumoniae?

A

has EB/RB life cycle, atypical pneumonia, leads to bronchitis, sinus infection

70
Q

WHat is Chlamydia psittaci?

A

past in birds/turkeys to humans by feathers,

psihucosis - parrot fever, lead to indocarditis

Microbio (6 decks)

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