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Geography > Weather Hazards > Flashcards

Weather Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

How are Clouds and Rain formed?

A
  • Sun warms at equator
  • Transfer Heat to air, rises
  • Creates low pressure belt
  • As rises, cools & condenses = rain & clouds
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2
Q

How do you go to very low rainfall from clouds and rain?

A
  • 30 degrees N & S of equator

* Cool air sinks = high pressure belt = cloudless skies & very low rainfall

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3
Q

How does Winds transfer Heat from the Equator to the Poles?

A
  • Winds blow from areas of high to low pressure transferring heat away from equator
  • Loops in winds have warm rising air creating low pressure belt, & at poles cool falling air creating high pressure belt
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4
Q

What are the Cells in each Hemisphere

A
  • Hadley
  • Ferrel
  • Polar
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5
Q

How is Heat transferred by Ocean Currents?

A

Have large scale movements of water that transfer heat energy from warmer to cooler regions

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6
Q

How are Surface Currents caused and what do they do?

A
  • By winds

* Help transfer heat away from equator

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7
Q

What are Deep Ocean Currents driven by and what do they do?

A
  • Differences in water density

* Freezes = more dense = sinks = warmer water flow in at surface = current

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8
Q

What does Global Atmospheric Circulation cause?

A

•Pressure belts - cause variation in climate

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9
Q

Describe the Temperature of Low Pressure belts and where is it located?

A
  • Low pressure belt at 60 degrees N/S from rising air = rainfall
  • Between tropics & poles, temp zones have moderate summers & winters
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10
Q

What is the Polar climate and how is it made?

A
  • Sinking air from Polar Cells = high pressure at poles

* Temp low all year, little rainfall

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11
Q

What is the Tropical Climate and how is it made?

A
  • Rising air from Hadley Cells meeting = low pressure

* Hot temp all time, high rainfall

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12
Q

What is the Arid(dry) climate and how is it made?

A
  • Sinking air from Hadley & ferrel Cells meeting = high pressure
  • Low rainfall for most of year, hot temperature
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13
Q

When does Precipitation occur and where is it Frequent?

A
  • Warm,wet air rises & cools, cause water vapour to condense
  • Low pressure - frequent
  • High pressure - very low
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14
Q

When do Tropical Storms occur?

A
  • Sea temp 27 degrees or higher

* Wind shear between high & low parts of atmosphere is low

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15
Q

How does Surface Winds Increase?

A
  • Warm, moist air rises & condensation occurs
  • Release huge amount of energy = more powerful storms
  • Rising air = area of low pressure
  • Increasing surface winds
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16
Q

Where do Tropical Storms move?

A

Towards west because of easterly winds near equator

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17
Q

Why do Storms spin?

A

Earths rotation deflects paths of winds

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18
Q

Where and Why does Storms Loose Strength?

A
  • Move over land or cooler water

* Energy supply from warm water is cut off

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19
Q

Where and When do most of Storms Occur?

A
  • Northern hemisphere (over pacific)

* In late summer/autumn when sea temp is highest

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20
Q

What is the Motion of Tropical Storms?

A
  • Northern hemisphere - spin anticlockwise

* Southern hemisphere - spin clockwise

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21
Q

How long do Tropical Storms normally last?

A

7-14 days

22
Q

Describe the Eye in a storm and how is it caused?

A
  • Centre of storm
  • Caused by descending air
  • Low pressure, light winds, no clouds/rain, high temp in eye
23
Q

Describe the Eyewall in a storm:

A
  • Surrounds the Eye

* Spiralling rising air, very strong winds, storm clouds, torrential rain, low temperature

24
Q

What happens at the Edges of the storm?

A

Wind speed falls, clouds smaller & more scattered, less intense rain, temperature increases

25
Q

How could Climate Change affect Tropical Storms?

A
  • Global temp rise from climate change = ocean above 27 degrees = more tropical storms
  • Higher temp = stronger tropical storms = more damage
26
Q

What are the Primary Effects of Tropical Storms?

A
  • Heavy rain = landslides damage infrastructure & buildings, sediment in lakes kill fish
  • Floods = people drown, costal habitats destroyed, sewage overflow
  • High wind speed = people injured/killed by debris blown & buildings destroyed
  • Roads, railways, etc destroyed/damaged
27
Q

What are the Secondary Effects of Tropical Storms?

A
  • Homeless = distress, poverty, death, bad health
  • Lack of sanitation = diseases
  • Roads blocked/destroyed = aid, emergency vehicles can’t get through
  • Unemployment from business destroyed
  • Starvation from crops damaged, trade blocked
28
Q

What are the Immediate Responses of Tropical Storms?

A
  • Evacuate People
  • Rescue people
  • Set up temporary shelters
  • Provide temporary supplies (water,food,etc)
  • Recover dead bodies to prevent disease
  • Foreign government send aid workers, supplies, etc
29
Q

What are the Long Term Responses?

A
  • Repair homes / rehouse people
  • Repair/improve flood defences
  • Improve forecasting techniques
  • Provide aid to residents to repair home
  • Improve building regulations to withstand hurricanes
30
Q

What are the Physical factors meaning some countries are more Vulnerable to Tropical Storms?

A
  • Low-lying coastlines - storm surge flooding, large waves
  • Areas in path of Tropical Storms
  • Steep hillsides Increase risk of landslides
31
Q

What are the Economic factors meaning some countries are more Vulnerable to the effects of Tropical Storms?

A
  • Poor countries
  • People depend on agriculture - badly affected=loss of livelihood
  • No insurance to cover costs repairing damage
32
Q

What are the Social factors meaning some countries are more Vulnerable to the effects of Tropical Storms?

A
  • Poor countries
  • Buildings poor quality - easily damaged
  • Bad health care - struggle to treat everyone
  • Can’t afford flood defences
  • Poor infrastructure so hard to rescue people
33
Q

How can you Prepare for Tropical Storms?

A
  • Defences
  • Evacuation
  • Forecasting
34
Q

What is a Drought?

A

Long period when rainfall is below average

35
Q

What are Droughts accompanied by?

A

High temperatures which increase rate of evaporation

36
Q

What becomes Depleted during Droughts?

A

Water supplies because people keep using them

37
Q

What is the Cause of a Drought?

A
  • Change In atmospheric circulation - doesn’t rain for long time (months/years)
  • High Pressure weather systems block depressions
38
Q

What Areas are most at Risk from Drought?

A
  • Central&southern Africa
  • Middle east
  • Australia
  • Eastern South America
  • Parts of North America
39
Q

What is the North Atlantic Drift?

A
  • Ocean current bringing warm water from Caribbean to west coast of UK
  • Keep west coast of UK warmer than other countries at similar latitudes
40
Q

What are Air Masses?

A

•Large volume of air with same temperature and water content

41
Q

What are the Types of Air Masses and Where do they form?

A
  • Artic/polar - form at high latitudes - cooler
  • Tropical - form at low latitudes - warmer
  • Maritime - form over ocean - wetter
  • Continental - form over land - drier
42
Q

What causes Extreme Weather?

A

2 different air masses interact causes extreme weather

43
Q

How is Very Wet and Windy weather caused?

A
  • By depressions

* Colliding air masses & low pressure

44
Q

How is Very Hot or Cold weather caused?

A
  • Result of anticyclones

* Stable air masses with high pressure

45
Q

How do Depressions Form?

A
  • Warm, moist air from tropics collide w/ cold,dry air from poles
  • Warm air less dense so rises
  • Condensation occurs, rain cloud develop
  • Rising air causes low pressure at surface
  • Winds blow into depression in a spiral
46
Q

How do Anticyclones Form and how does it affect summer, winter and at night?

A
  • Air falling, create high pressure & light wind blowing outwards
  • Summer - cause long period of hot,dry,clear weather
  • Winter - long periods of cold,foggy weather
  • Night - temp drops because no clouds to reflect it back , condensation occurs forming fog
47
Q

What can Lightening Cause?

A
  • Death

* Fires that damage property or environment

48
Q

What can Heat Waves Cause?

A
  • Death from heat exhaustion
  • Disruption to transport from rail buckling
  • Roads melting cause economic impacts
49
Q

What can Hailstorms Cause?

A
  • Damage to property from making driving dangerous

* Destroy crops

50
Q

What can Snow and Ice cause?

A
  • Injuries from slipping
  • Death from cold
  • Schools/businesses forced to shut
  • Disruption to road, rail, air travel = economic impacts
  • Cold snaps = damaged crops
51
Q

Where are Winds Strongest in the UK?

A
  • Costal areas

* Mainly west coast & upland areas

52
Q

How is the Weather in the UK becoming more Extreme?

A

Temperature more extreme
•December 2010 coldest for over 100 years
•April 2011 warmest April on record
•2013 wettest year on record
•December 2015 wettest month ever
•Major flooding in winter 2013-14 in Somerset levels, west wales in 2012

Geography (10 decks)

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