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General Parasitology > Exam 3 - Class Trematoda > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Class Trematoda Flashcards

Class Trematoda

1
Q

The phylum _____ includes ______ animals called _____

A

Platyhelminthes
dorsoventrally flat
flatworms

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2
Q

Typically Platyhelminthe members are:

A 
bilaterally symmetrical
triploblastic
acoelomate
cephalized
incomplete or no gut
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3
Q

3 systems that are usually absent in Platyhelminthes

A

Skeletal, circulatory, and respiratory

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4
Q

the space between body wall and internal organs is filled with:

A

connective tissue and muscle fibers

called parenchyma

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5
Q

2 parasitic classes of Platyhelminthes

A

Trematoda (flukes) & Cestoda (tapeworms)

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6
Q

Adult trematodes are parasites of:

A

inverts & verts, incl. humans

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7
Q

Trematodes may inhabit:

A

intestinal tract, bile ducts, liver, gall bladder, lungs, blood vessels, pancreatic duct, ureter and urinary bladder

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8
Q

Diagnostic features of trematodes include:

A

presence of ecto- and endoparasitic forms, with incomplete gut

have complex heteroxenous life cycles involving at least one intermediate host, a gastropod (snail)

body wall is covered by thick cuticle

with suckers, usually around the mouth and on ventral surface

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9
Q

_____ is the outermost covering of the trematode’s body

A

Tegument

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10
Q

_____ is synonymous with ____, it is a tough, resistant structure

A

Tegument

Cuticle

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11
Q

Tegument is syncytial, which means:

A

it is multinucleated, without cell boundaries between nuclei

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12
Q

Outer portion of the tegument forms the ______, its covered by cell membrane on surface and extends inside to the _____

A

distal cytoplasm

basal lamina

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13
Q

glycocalyx

A

is linked with the plasma membrane and is a surface coat

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14
Q

Glycocalyx functions:

A

attachment to host
protection from antibodies and digestive enzymes
uptake & storage of vital molecules from the environment

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15
Q

Proximal cytoplasm

A

=cyton region

is the inner zone of the tegument and connected to the distal region by cytoplasmic bridges

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16
Q

Proximal cytoplasm consists of

A

nuclei

cell organelles like the ER, golgi body, mitochondria, etc.

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17
Q

________ responsible for the _____ maintenance

A

Proximal cytoplasm

tegument’s

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18
Q

Muscle layers include:

A

circular, longitudinal, and diagonal muscles

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19
Q

Tegument Functions:

A 
protection
nutrient absorption
synthesis and secretion of various nutrients
excretion 
osmoregulation
sensory role
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20
Q

Of all organ systems, the ________ is the one that is most highly developed in platyhelminthes

A

reproductive system

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21
Q

Trematodes are _________ or __________

A

Monoecious

Hermaphroditic

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22
Q

Self fertilization

A

Does NOT occur`

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23
Q

protandryorandrogyny

A

The male organs tend to mature first and produce sperm that are stored until needed

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24
Q

protogyny or gyandry

A

In a few free-living species, the ovary matures first

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25
Q

Male Reproductive System:

A 
Usually two testes
vas efferens
vas deferens
seminal vesicle (storage)
ejaculatory duct 
cirrus (penis)
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26
Q

penis

A

cirrus

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27
Q

Sperm pathway

A 
Testis 
Vas efferens 
Vas deferens 
Cirrus sac (with seminal vesicle and prostate gland) 
Cirrus
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28
Q

Female reproductive organs:

A 
Single ovary with an oviduct, 
a seminal receptacle
a pair of vitelline glands with ducts 
the ootype  
Mehlis’ gland
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29
Q

seminal receptacle:

A

sperm storage

30
Q

vitelline glands with ducts

A

yolk and egg-shell production)

31
Q

ootype

A

chamber where eggs are formed

32
Q

Mehlis’ gland

A

lubricates uterus for egg passage

33
Q

Laurer’s canal

A

Vestigial vagina

Present in come but not all

serves as an outlet of excess sperm

34
Q

Metraterm

A

helps propel the eggs out of the uterus.

35
Q

During copulation, _____ is inserted into ____ and sperms are ejaculated

A

cirrus

metraterm

36
Q

operculum

A

Lid like structure in eggs

Allows miracidium to hatch

37
Q

Eggs house:

A

Developing miracidium

38
Q

Hatching occurs only under certain conditions of:

A

pH, light, and temperature

39
Q

Life cycle generic:

A

Egg –> Miracidium –> Sporocyst –> Redia –> Cercaria –> Adult

40
Q

Miracidium is

A

free swimming and ciliated

41
Q

Sporocyst

A

present in 1st intermediate host

42
Q

Cercaria

A

Free swimming and enters 2nd intermediate host

43
Q

Sexual cycle in:

A

Definitive host

44
Q

Asexual cycle in:

A

Gastropod

45
Q

Within ____ hrs miracidium must find a suitable gastropod

A

24

46
Q

Upon entry into snail:

A

penetrates the snail’s integument, sheds its ciliated epidermis, and metamorphoses into primary sporocyst stage

47
Q

The most common site of development of sporocysts is:

A

around the digestive gland

48
Q

Unlike sporocysts, rediae have functional _____

A

gut/pharynx

49
Q

primary sporocysts may produce:

A

other secondary sporocysts or primary rediae asexually

50
Q

Rediae give rise to a tailed ____ larva

A

cercaria

51
Q

______ escapes from the gastropod, swims freely but do not feed and can either find a _________ or attach to vegetation, lose its tail and encyst to become a _______

A

Cercaria

second intermediate host

metacercaria

52
Q

Apical papilla

A

Retractable non ciliated anterior tip

glands secrete degradative enzymes

53
Q

Some sporocysts change the morphology or the behavior of their hosts

A

bird trematode has colorfully banded and pulsating sporocysts, which reside in snail’s tentacles

54
Q

The transformation from miracidium to sporocyst involves

A

disappearance of all the structures except the protonephridia

55
Q

procrusculi or ambulatory bud

A

stumpy appendages that facilitate movement

56
Q

redia migrate towards

A

snail digestive gland

57
Q

If sporocysts give rise to daughter sporocysts, the latter give rise directly to:

A

cercariae and rediae are not formed

58
Q

parasitic castration

A

some larval parasites secrete chemicals that inhibit the development of the snail reproductive system

59
Q

The transformation from miracidium to sporocyst involves disappearance of all the structures except the _____

A

protonephridia

60
Q

cercaria have following structures:

A 
Mouth
oral sucker
pharynx
intestine
ventral sucker 
genital primordium
61
Q

genital primordium

A

mass of cells that develop into reproductive system

62
Q

glands involved in penetration

A

penetration and mucoid glands,

63
Q

escape glands

A

contents are expelled during the emergence of the cercaria from the snail host

64
Q

preacetabular gland’s

A

secretion contains calcium and a variety of enzymes including a protease

65
Q

postacetabular glands

A

produce mucus and help the cercaria to adhere to surfaces

66
Q

the “dormant” stage between the cercaria and the adult

A

Metacercaria

67
Q

When the free-swimming _____ locates ________ or penetrates a _________ host, it sheds the tail and encysts

A

cercaria

suitable vegetation

2o intermediate

68
Q

This stage may also allow survival over unfavorable periods, such as the absence of the definitive host during a particular season

A

Metacercaria

69
Q

Once the metacercaria has reached its definitive host:

A

it excysts and then undergoes migration, growth, and eventually gamete production

70
Q

If the species does not have a metacercaria:

A

the cercaria penetrates the definitive host directly (schistosomes)

General Parasitology (19 decks)

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