3.1 Attempts To Reduce Tension Flashcards

1
Q

Why was there a period of detente?

A

1960s were marked with crisis, including most intense moments .both wanted to avoid other near misses. Military expansion hadn’t succeeded in reducing tensions .

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2
Q

Why the arms race led to detente?

A

Both countries were keen to reduce military spending , the arms race was extremely expensive and led to falling living standards. Ussr especially worried about falling living standards in eastern bloc. In 1970 there were riots in response to high living costs

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3
Q

How the war in vietnam led to detente?

A

Us president Nixon , knew war in vietnam needed to be brought to an end

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4
Q

How did chinas relationship with the soviets affect detente?

A

Ussr and china were not allies at this point, known as the sino-soviet split. Us could establish diplomatic relations with china. Nixon visited china in 1972 and dropped its objection to them joining the UN. Us wanted china to push north vietnam to a resolution.

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5
Q

When was salt 1?

A

1972

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6
Q

What was salt 1?

A

The frist strategic arms limitation treaty:

  • treaty signed by us and ussr , limiting number of ABM(anti ballistic missiles) each country could have and placed temporary limit on numbers of ICBMs on both sides.
  • short term success, slowed down the arms race.
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7
Q

What were ABMs?

A

Were designed to intercept incoming missiles and had the potential to upset delicate ‘nuclear balance’ between us and ussr. If one side could use ABMs the threat of retaliation would be gone

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8
Q

When was the Helsinki agreement?

A

1975

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9
Q

What was the helsinki agreement?

A

Signed by 35 countires including the ussr and us.all countries signed up to recognise european borders established after WW2 as well as basic human rights like freedom of speech. Western allies recognised soviet control of eastern bloc . Ground breaking , soviets had agreed to human rights after decades of dictatorship.

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10
Q

How did the ussr respond to the Helsinki agreement?

A

West viewed it as major progress, but ussr didnt stick to its words. It didn’t grant freedom of speech or freedom of movement to its citizens. This undermined the Helsinki agreement and made usa distrust the ussr.

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11
Q

When was salt 2 signed?

A

1979

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12
Q

What was salt 2?

A

The second strategic arms limitation treaty:
Treaty banned usa and the ussr from launching new missile programmes and limited the number of MIRVs(weapons that can carry several missiles wt once and deploy them to different targets) a country could have at once.

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13
Q

What happened to salt 2?

A

Never ratified, by the senate, so didn’t come into effect

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14
Q

What was Apollo soyuz mission?

A

Was a joint mission involving the docking of the us spacecraft with a soviet spacecraft high above earth

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15
Q

How did the war in afghanistan begin?

A
  • 1978, a civil war rboke put in afghanistan. Rebels were protesting, at new radical reform brought by the afghan communist government , which had close ties to the soviet union.
  • afghan government requested help from the ussr, which invaded in 1979
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16
Q

Why was the war in afghanistan justified by the soviet?

A

Used the breznehve docterine to justify the invasion. It was also concerned by the idea of an anti soviet government in afghanistan,aw the countries shared a border

17
Q

Who was the communist afghan leader?

A

Taraki

18
Q

Why di d they reject the communist government in afghanistan?

A

Its aethism was at odds with their muslim faith. communists imprisoned, tortured and murdered many muslim religious leaders . This led to the formation of an anti communist resistance movement known as the mujahideen

19
Q

What happened in afghanistan in April 1979?

A
  • Communist led government seizes control in afghanistan
  • afghan reject communist government
  • mujahideen emerges
20
Q

What happened in afghanistan in September 1979?

A
  • afghan politician Amin arranges for the murder of taraki
  • amin seizes control
  • amin enters discussions with usa but distrusted by the americans
21
Q

What happened in December 1979?

A

Ussr invades afghanistan

  • amin assassinated by soviet union
  • ussr install barak kamal as leader
22
Q

What challenges faced by the soviet army in afghanistan?

A
  • red army was ill prepared for the desert and mountain landscapes of afghanistan
  • mujahideen had expert local knowledge and used the deserts and mountainous terrain to their advantage
  • mujahideen were extremely motivated as they were fighting for their homeland and their religion against a foreign invader
23
Q

What was the american response to the invasion of afghanistan?

A
  • supported mujahideen and refused to sign salt 2.
  • carter doctrine
  • alliance with china and irael to support mujahideen , cia provided the mujahideen.
  • us imposed economic sanctions on the soviets
  • usa boycotted 1980 olympics in moscow
24
Q

What was the carter doctrine?

A

Believing that the soviet invasion of afghanistan might lead to threats to us interests in the Persian gulf, in january 1980 us president jimmy carter announced in his state of the union addresses that the us was extending its policy of containment to the middle east. The carter doctrine stated that the us was prepared to force to stop any country from gaining control over the rich oil states in the middle east. didnt want communist influence in the middle east.

25
Q

How many soviets died in afghanistan?

A

15000 troops

26
Q

What was the consequences of the the afghan war for the soviets?

A
  • enormous amounts of money spent
  • 15000 troops died
  • loss of public support
  • fall in living standards, deteriorated due to high spending in afghanistan
27
Q

How did the war in afghan effect breznhev?

A
  • embarrassent for breznhev and undermined ussrs strong military reputation, which was essential for keeping satellite states under control
  • Un condemned the invasion. It proposed a resolution demanding soviet withdrawal, but the withdrawal was vetoed by the ussr